Summary
Summary NURS 612 Exam 1 Study Guide
- Course
- NURS 612
- Institution
- Maryville University Of St. Louis
Detailed Exam 1 Study Guide for Nurs 612. *An Essential Study Material!!
[Show more]
Content preview
Exam 1Eye abnormalities
Exophthalmos: bulging of eye anteriorly out of orbit
o cause: graves disease (bilateral), retro-orbital tumor (unilateral)
o Subjective: change in eye position
o Objective: eye protrusion, lids do not reach pupils,
Episcleritis: inflammation of superficial layers of sclera anterior to the insertion of rectus
muscles
o Possible causes: autoimmune disease, polyarteritis nodosa, psoriatic arthritis,
gout, foreign body, chemical exposure, infection
2 types
Simple: intermittent episodes of severe inflammation recurring in
1–3-month intervals
nodular: prolonged attacks of inflammation, more painful
o Subjective: acute onset of mild-moderate discomfort or photophobia, watery
discharge without crusting
o Objective: diffuse or localized redness of bulbar conjunctiva, purplish elevation of
a few millimeters, watery discharge
Band Keratopathy: deposition of calcium in the superficial cornea
o causes: patients with chronic disease of the cornea, Hypercalcemia,
hyperparathyroidism, trauma, renal failure, sarcoidosis, syphilis
o Subjective: decreased vision with deposition progress, foreign body
sensation/irritation
o Objective: line just below pupil- passes over the cornea rather than around the
iris as with arcus senilis, horizontal grayish bands interspersed with dark areas
that look like holes
Corneal ulcer: disruption of the corneal epithelium and stroma
o Causes: connective tissue disease (RA, Sjogren syndrome), systemic vasculitic
disorder (polyarteritis nodosa, SLE), virial or bacterial infection, extreme dryness
(incomplete lid closure, poor lacrimal gland function), prolonged use of contacts
o Subjective: pain, photophobia, Hx of wearing contacts, blurry vision, sensation of
foreign body in the eye.
o Objective: visual acuity affected variably (depending on location of ulceration),
inflammation and erythema of lid and conjunctiva, purulent exudate, ulcer is
round or oval with well-defined border, base of ulcer appears ragged and gray
Strabismus: both eyes do not focus on object simultaneously, but able to focus with
either eye
o Cause: possible cranial nerve III damage due to brain swelling
Paralytic: impairment of extraocular muscles
Non-paralytic: no primary muscle weakness
o Subjective: poor vision, sudden onset double vision, report eye deviation
, o Objective: detected by the cover-uncover test, if extra-ocular muscle is impaired
the eye will not move in the direction controlled by that muscle.
Horner syndrome: Interruption of sympathetic nerve innervation to the eye
o Causes: lesion to primary neuron, stroke, trauma to brachial plexus, tumors,
dissecting carotid aneurysm, operative trauma
o Subjective
o Objective: unilateral ptosis, miosis, hemifacial anhidrosis (droopy eyelid,
constricted pupil, half of face does not sweat)
Cataracts: opacity in lens
o Cause: denaturation of protein in lens caused by aging, hyperparathyroidism,
steroids, rubella, fetal insults during first trimester
o Subjective: cloudy/blurry vision, faded colors, light appears too bright/ halo
around light, poor night vision, frequent prescription changes
o Objective: lens cloudiness
Non proliferative Diabetic retinopathy
o Cause:
Hard exudates: lipids traveling through incompetent capillaries
Soft exudates (cotton wool spots): infarction of the nerve layer
o Subjective: asymptomatic in initial stages, visual changes and blurred vision in
advanced stages
o Objective: blood vessels with balloon like sacs (microaneurysm), blots of
hemorrhage on retina, tiny yellow patches of hard exudates
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
o Cause: vessels grow out of the retina towards the vitreous humor. New vessels
are not supportive and are likely to hemorrhage. Hemorrhage is a common cause
of diabetes related blindness. (treatment is neovascularization)
o Subjective: asymptomatic, floaters, blurred vision in advanced stages
o Objective: must change lens setting in ophthalmoscope to see these vessels.
Vitreous hemorrhage may be present (this will obstruct view of retina)
Lipemia retinalis
o Cause: serum triglyceride above 2000 mg/dl
o Subjective: elevated serum triglyceride, no visual changes
o Objective:
Grade I: white and cream aspect of peripheral retina vessels
Grade II: creamy color of the vessels extends toward the optic disk
Grade III: retina appears salmon color and all vessels have a milky
appearance
Retinal abnormalities resolve as triglyceride levels normalize
Retinitis pigmentosa: autosomal recessive disorder with genetic defects cause cell death,
predominantly in rod photoreceptors
o Cause: associated with Usher Syndrome (deafness) and Kearns-Sayre syndrome
(paralysis of extraocular muscles, dysphasia, ataxia, cardiac conduction defects)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller anyiamgeorge19. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
52510 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now