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PHAR100 final exam questions and answers
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PHAR100 final exam questions and answers
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PHAR100 final exam questions andanswers
Biologicals - Answers -chemotherapeutics that inhibit replication by blocking cytokines
Hormones and hormone antagonists - Answers -chemotherapeutics that treat hormone
sensitive tumors by suppressing division
Mitotic inhibitors - Answers -chemotherapeutics that affect microtubule function and
formation of the mitotic spindle, preventing division.
Alkylating agents - Answers -chemotherapeutics that bind and interfere with DNA
replication
Prevent, cure, control and relieve symptoms - Answers -goals of chemotherapy
Prevention of cancer - Answers --reduce excessive exposure to sunlight
-moderate alcohol intake
-eliminate tobacco products
-healthy diet and exercise habits
-vaccinations
Cancer - Answers -cell growth and division, invasion and metastasis
Carcinogenesis - Answers -Initiation, promotion, progression
Initiation (carcinogenesis) - Answers -procarcinogen, ultimate carcinogen, cancer
procarcinogen - Answers -inactive pre-carcinogen is activated by drug-metabolising
enzymes in the body
Ultimate carcinogens - Answers -Reactive chemicals react with DNA molecules and
damage it irreversibly. Turns into cancer when DNA is not repaired/not repaired
properly.
Promotion (carcinogenesis) - Answers -Selective growth of initiated cells
Progression (carcinogenesis) - Answers -Rapid growth to form a malignant tumor
Pharmaceuticals entering the environment - Answers -Agriculture, treatment of pets,
inappropriate disposal of unused medication, aquaculture
,Bisphenol A - Answers -Environmental toxicant. Industrial chemical used to make
plastic that binds to oestrogen and mimic its effects
Mercury - Answers -Environmental toxicant. Result of sodium hydroxide production.
Mercuric mercury - Answers -Environmental toxicant. Comes from vapors, very toxic to
kidneys and treated by chelating agents
Methyl mercury - Answers -Environmental toxicant. produced by bacteria and fish in the
water. Binds to nerve proteins and leads to cell death. Treated by charcoal.
Lead - Answers -Environmental toxicant. composed of _____ oxide and tetraethyl ____.
Found in old paint, industry (car batteries) and automobiles. Affects CNS and causes
permanent brain damage, degradation of motor nerves, kidney dysfunction and anemia.
Herbicides - Answers -Environmental toxicant. Used to kill plants.
Agent Orange - Answers -Type of herbicide that causes uncontrollable growth leading
to plant death
Paraquat - Answers -Type of herbicide that is highly toxic to humans if ingested,
causing burns in the mouth and stomach and targeting lungs.
Insecticides - Answers -Used to kill insects
Organochlorine insecticides - Answers -Type of insecticide that increase neuron
stimulation, resulting in CNS excitation
Organophosphorus insecticides - Answers -Type of insecticide synthesised during WW2
as a warfare agent. They inhibit acetylcholinesterase, decreasing heart rate and causing
difficulty breathing.
Pesticides - Answers -Composed of herbicides and insecticides
Sources of tobacco smoke - Answers -Main stream smoke, side stream smoke, second
hand smoke
Air pollutants - Answers -Cause chemical irritation of respiratory tract through
-gaseous pollutants
-particulate matter
-natural sources
-anthropogenic air pollutants
Chronic toxicity - Answers -Associated with repeated exposure to small doses of
chemicals over a long period of time
, Acute toxicity - Answers -Associated with a single, large dose of chemical doses of
chemical
Environmental toxicants - Answers -Chemical released into the environment that can
produce adverse health effects on living organisms.
Sweetners - Answers -Food additives including aspartame and saccharin
Preservatives - Answers -Food additives that maintain the quality of food for delivery.
Done through antibacterials (smoke, antibiotics, sodium nitrate) or antioxidants (water or
lipid soluble)
Texture agents - Answers -Food additives including silicates and thickening agents
Colours - Answers -food additives including dyes added to give food an appetising
appearance. Most common toxicities are allergic reactions (tartrazine)
Flavouring - Answers -Food additive that enhance taste.
Intentional food additives - Answers -Added to improve appearance, texture and storage
of food. Ex. Flavours, texture agents, preservatives
Unintentional food additives - Answers -Result of growing, manufacturing and storage of
processed food and can be seen as contaminants.
Vitamin C - Answers -comes from fruits and vegetables and used to hold framework that
holds cells together, formation of bone and teeth, antioxidant and iron absorption. Toxic
symptoms of excess use include kidney stones and scurvy.
Vitamin B and folic acid - Answers -Comes from meat and dairy products, green
vegetables. Used for the synthesis of red blood cells and deficiency can be caused by
alcohol abuse of drug interactions.
Vitamin E - Answers -comes from vegetable oil and green leafy vegetables and used as
an antioxidant for the protection of the cardiovascular system through the disposal of
free radicals.
Vitamin D - Answers -comes from meat, fish and mushrooms and used to increase
calcium and phosphate absorption needed for bone formation, regulation of blood
calcium levels and removal of calcium from old bones.
Vitamin A - Answers -comes from animal products (milk, fat, egg yolk), and carrots and
used for growth and development, and found in the epithelial membrane structure and
rods.
C and B (all 11) - Answers -water soluble vitamins
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