PHAR 100 Final Exam Questions With Answers
Drugs - AnswerAny substance received by gical system that is not received for nutritive purposes and which influences the biological function of the organism. Means that chemicals, biological agents and herbal products are all drugs.
/.When were the ...
PHAR 100 Final Exam Questions With
Answers
Drugs - AnswerAny substance received by a.biological system that is not received for
nutritive purposes and which influences the biological function of the organism. Means
that chemicals, biological agents and herbal products are all drugs.
/.When were the majority of clinically useful drugs developed? - AnswerOver the past
250 years.
/.Pharmaology - AnswerThe science of drugs, including their uses, effects and
mechanisms of action.
/.Key historical influences that have shaped modern pharmacology - AnswerThe many
discoveries made by ancient civilizations
The role of poisons in history.
The influence of religion.
/.Ancient Civilizations - AnswerHealers existed in a number of ancient cultures including
Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt and Ancient China.
/.Ancient Greece: Threophastus - AnswerThreophrastus, a pupil of Aristotle wrote a
textbook on therapeutics that included opium.
Opium is obtained from the opium poppy.
/.Ancient Greece: Serturner - AnswerA pharmacist working in Germany in 1803.
Isolated crystals of morphine in opium and tested the pure substance. Discovered it
could relieve pain.
/.What does opium contain - AnswerMorphine, codeine
/.Morphine - AnswerOpium contains approximately 10% morphine. Coined from
Morpheus.
/.Codeine - AnswerContains 0.5% codeine.
/.Ancient Egypt - Answerrecorded on documents called papyri.
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,/.Ebers papyrus - Answer1550 BCE: Intended to be a textbook of drug use for medical
students.
The papyrus contained mainy true observations on the use of drugs, especially
purgatives.
Senna- still used today
/.Ancient China - AnswerEarliest recorded drug experiments come from China in the
year 2700 BCE. Shen Nung used to classify drugs according to taste.
Ma Huang was classified as a medium drug. Widely used for coughs, influenza and
fevers.
Ephedrine has been isolated from Ma Huang. Used to treat asthma. Can be used as a
decongestant.
/.Poisons: Curare - AnswerPlant-derived drug. Historically used by indigenous people in
regions of the Amazon.
/.Curare: Use of a poison - AnswerIndigenous peoples of the Amazon dipped their
arrows in curare for hunting. Acted upon voluntary muscles causing paralysis.
/.Curare: Use as a drug - AnswerUsed by Indigenous People inspired allopathic
medicine. Eventually used by anesthetics during surgery. Small doses could relieve
muscles. The structure has since been modified to make it safer.
/.Ergot - AnswerA poisonous fungus that grows on the heads of rye.
Ground together with rye in the middle ages, finding its way into bread. Caused terrible
epidemics, killing as many as 20 000 people in Russia.
/.Ergot: Effects of Poisoning; Nervous System - AnswerOnce it enters the body, ergot
targets the nervous system. Results in symptoms such as mental frenzy, hallucinations
and convulsions.
/.Ergot: Effects of Poisoning; Cariovascular System - AnswerErgot poisoning can cause
constrictions of blood vessels leading to fingers, toes and limbs becoming starved of
their blood supply.
/.Ergot: Effects of Poisoning; Reproductive System - AnswerCan cause violent
contractions of the uterus.
Some midwives recognized that small amounts of ergot could be useful in hastening
labour. Used as early as the 16th century.
,Physicians in the 1800s used ergot to expedite lingering labour. Could result in death.
/.Ergot: Use as a drug - AnswerErgotamine and ergonovine are the two compounds
derived from ergot with pharmocological uses.
/.Ergotamine - AnswerIs useful in the treatment of migraines.
Ergotamine constricts the blood vessels preventing the pulsation of arterial blood
vessels that carry blood to the head.
/.Ergonovine - AnswerOnce used to hasten birth. Force of uterine contractions may be
too strong and parent may be injured by too rapid delivery of the child.
Can be used to arrest uterine bleeding.
/.The Influence of Religion - AnswerTraditional healers acted as both physicians and
priests. This results in therapy being heavily influenced on both religion and magic.
Plants containing intoxicating substances were used by traditional healers to alter their
state of consciousness and facilitate communication with their gods.
/.Peyote - AnswerA cactus used in Mexico to achieve a mystical state, linked to spiritual
and ritualistic use.
Contains a potent substance mescaline, which causes hallucinations, a feeling of well-
being and distortion of perception, similar to LSD.
/.Zinc Oxide - AnswerUsed in ancient times, considered of great importance to
therapies.
Found in a number of topical creams such as rash creams and calamine lotion.
/.Roman Shipping Vessel - AnswerSunk off the coast of Tuscany around 120 BCE.
Excavated in the 1980s and 90s, uncovering ancient roman medical tablets sealed in tin
containers.
Analysis of the medical tablets revealed a number of zinc compounds, iron oxide,
besswax, pine resin and other plant derived material.
/.About 25 % of the drugs used today are... - Answerderived from plant sources, with
the active substances being purified and then modified to be either more effective or
less toxic.
/.Drugs acting on the brain: discovery - AnswerAlbert Hofmann worked for a Swiss
pharmaceutical firm was involved in trying to synthesize improved pharmaceutical
products using ergot.
, Synthesized LSD, similar in structure to ergotamine and ergonovine.
/.Drugs Acting on the Brain - AnswerAlter the normal chemical signalling in the brain.
/.LSD - AnswerLysergic Acid Diethylamide.
Classified as a controlled substance in the 1970s.
/.Drugs Acting On the Brain: Contribution to Pharmacology - AnswerDiscovery of LSD
psychedelic effects supported the idea that certain mental illnesses may be due to the
production of potent substances of the brain that produced distrubance.
/.Drugs Acting Against Infectious Disease - AnswerAn infectious disease is any disease
caused by an organism.
/.1900s Organoarsenicals - AnswerPaul Ehrlich: Designed complexes of arsenic and
organic molecules called orsanoarsenicals which selectively bound to parasites.
Applied to other infectious diseases and led to cure for syphilis.
/.Syphilis - AnswerA bacterial infection transmitted sexually through direct contact with a
syphilis sore. Easy to cure when diagnosed and treated early.
First synthetic drug used for treatment of bacterial disease.
Now termed antibacterial compounds.
/.1940s: Penicillin - AnswerAlexander Fleming discovered penicilin, the first antibiotic.
Introduction to modern medicine occurred during WWII
Majorly used in gram-positive bacterial disease.
/.Gram-positive - AnswerBacteria with thick cell walls and no outer membrane.
/.1950s: Streptomycin - AnswerSelman Waksman discovered streptomycin. Helped to
treat Gram-negative bacterial diseases and tuberculosis.
/.Gram-negative - AnswerBacteria with thin cell walls and an outer membrane.
/.Drug development process steps - AnswerBasic research and drug discovery,
preclinical trials, clinical trials, Health Canada review and manufacturing, post-market
surveillance and phase IV clinical trials
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