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BIL 255 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
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BIL 255 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS...
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The ability of a cell to survive and proliferate in a chaotic environment depends- ANSWER on the accurate duplication of the vast quantity of genetic
information carried in its DNA
DNA replication - ANSWER must occur before a cell can divide to produce
two genetically identical daughter cells
maintaining order in a cell requires - ANSWER the continual surveillance and
repair of its genetic information, as DNA is subjected to unavoidable damage by
chemicals and radiation in the environment and by reactive molecules that are
generated inside the cell
protein machines that replicate and repair the cell's DNA - ANSWER These
machines catalyze some of the most rapid and accurate processes that take place
within cells and the strategies they have evolved to achieve this feat are marvels
of elegance and efficiency
permanent changes - ANSWER mutations
mutations that can benefit the organism
bacteria - ANSWER bacteria resistant to antibiotics that are used to kill them
mutations that can benefit the organism
changes in DNA sequences - ANSWER Changes in DNA sequences can
produce small variations that underlie the differences between individuals of the
same species
,When allowed to accumulate over millions of years, such changes provide the
variety in genetic material that makes one species distinct from another
mutations are more likely to be - ANSWER detrimental than beneficial
*responsible for thousands of genetic diseases
survival of a cell or organism depends on - ANSWER keeping changes in its
DNA to a minimum
without protein machines that are continually monitoring and repairing damage
to DNA - ANSWER it is questionable whether life could exist at all
at each cell division, a cell must - ANSWER copy its genome with
extraordinary accuracy
duplicate DNA at rates as high as - ANSWER 1000 nucleotides per second
each strand of a DNA double helix includes - ANSWER a sequence of
nucleotides that is exactly complementary to the nucleotide sequence of its
partner strand
each strand of DNA can - ANSWER serve as a template, or mold, for the
synthesis of a new complementary strand
serving as template strands - ANSWER If we designate the two DNA strands
as S and S', strand S can serve as a template for making a new strand S', and S'
can serve as a template for making a new strand S
The genetic information in DNA can accurately be copied by the beautifully
simple process in which - ANSWER strand S separates from strand S', and
each separated strand then serves as a template for the production of a new
complementary partner strand that is identical to its former partner
the ability of each strand of DNA to act as a template for producing a
complementary strand enables a cell to - ANSWER copy, or replicate, its
genes before passing them on to its descendants
, copying must be carried out - ANSWER with incredible speed and accuracy:
in about 8 hours, a dividing animal cell copy the equivalent of 1000 books and
on average, get no more than a few letters wrong
copying is carried out by - ANSWER a cluster of proteins that together form a
replication machine
DNA replication produces - ANSWER two complete double helices from the
original DNA molecule, with each new DNA helix being identical except for
rare copying errors in nucleotide sequence to the original DNA double helix
Because each parental strand serves as the template for one new strand -
ANSWER each of the daughter DNA double helices ends up with one of the
original strands plus one strand that is entirely new; this style of replication is
said to be semiconservative
DNA stability - ANSWER The DNA double helix is normally very stable: the
two DNA strands are locked together firmly by the large numbers of hydrogen
bonds between the bases on both strands
only temperatures approaching those of boiling water provide enough thermal
energy to - ANSWER separate the two strands
to be used as a template, however, the double helix must first be - ANSWER
opened up and the two strands separated to expose unpaired bases
process of DNA synthesis is begun by - ANSWER initiator proteins that bind
to specific DNA sequences called replication origins
start of DNA synthesis at replication origins with initiator proteins - ANSWER
Here, the initiator proteins pry the two DNA strands apart, breaking the
hydrogen bonds between the bases
Although the hydrogen bonds collectively make the DNA helix very stable,
individually each hydrogen bond is weak
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