CHEM 121 FINAL EXAM | UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED .Buy Quality Materials!
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Course
CHEM 121
Institution
CHEM 121
CHEM 121 FINAL EXAM | UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED .Buy Quality Materials!
organic chemistry
the study of organic compounds and their reactions.
organic compounds
Organic compounds are compounds that contain one or more carbon and hydrogen atoms. Organic compounds are produced in...
CHEM 121 FINAL EXAM | UPDATED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS UPDATED .Buy Quality Materials!
organic chemistry
the study of organic compounds and their reactions.
organic compounds
Organic compounds are compounds that contain one or more carbon and hydrogen
atoms. Organic compounds are produced in nature and also in the laboratory.
inorganic compounds
Compounds that do not contain carbon and hydrogen.
The small group of compounds that contain carbon but not hydrogen are inorganic
compounds often referred to as inorganic carbon and include compounds like carbon
dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO),carbonate ion (CO32−), and cyanide ion (CN−).
biological compounds
the chemical compounds that provide physical structure and that bring about
movement, energy use, and other cellular functions.
Most biological compounds are organic compounds, including carbohydrates, proteins,
fats, DNA, RNA, and hormones. Natural gas, propane, gasoline, and many other fuels
that we burn for energy are organic compounds. Familiar consumer products such as
Styrofoam, plastics, Teflon, Kevlar, and textiles like polyester and neoprene are all
organic compounds
Hydrocarbons
organic molecules that are composed of only carbon and hydrogen
No other element has the capacity to form as many covalent bonds to other like atoms
as carbon.
Carbon
The four bonds on a carbon atom can be to other carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, or to
other nonmetal atoms (N, O, S, P,F, Cl,Br, I). In achieving an octet, carbon adopts one
of the following bonding arrangements:
four single bonds, , as seen in alkanes and cycloalkanes
a double bond and two single bonds,, as seen in alkenesand aromatic hydrocarbons
a triple bond and one single bond, −C≡C, as seen in alkynes
the four types of hydrocarbons
Alkanes contain only carbon-carbon single bonds (and C—H bonds); alkenes contain
one or more carbon-carbon double bonds; alkynes contain one or more carbon-carbon
triple bonds; and aromatic hydrocarbons contain a ring of six alternating carbon-carbon
single and double bonds.
Hydrocarbons
organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbons are nonpolar compounds, and therefore, interact by dispersion forces.
, Hydrocarbons have lower boiling points than compounds of similar mass, they are
immiscible with aqueous solutions, and hydrophobic.
Alkanes
Due to their kinetic energy,____________ are freely rotating about each of their carbon-
carbon single bonds. The various rotational forms of a molecule are known as
conformations.
Conformations of Alkanes
single C—C bonds
can rotate, so groups attached to each carbon move freely
about the C—C bond
can have different arrangements known as conformations
Conformations
____________ of a molecule, we can also write a Lewis structure in more than one
way, as illustrated below for pentane. The Lewis structure drawn as a straight chain of
five carbons is probably the most common representation (shown in pink). However, it is
an important skill to be able to recognize Lewis structures drawn in other orientations
(black), and not interpret them as different compounds. The key is determining whether
the carbon atoms are connected in the same way, that is, having the same atom
connectivity. All the structures below have the same molecular formula and the same
atom connectivity so they are the same compound.
structural isomers
___________have the same molecular formula but a different connectivity of atoms
structural isomers
_________________ have the same molecular formula but a different connectivity of
atoms.
Alkanes with more than three carbons are found with more than one possible bonding
arrangement of the carbon-carbon bonds. Compounds with the samemolecular formula
but a differentatom connectivity are known as
structural isomers
Consider the two_____________ with the molecular formula C4H10shown below as
ball-and-stick models and Lewis structures. They have the same molecular formula
(C4H10) but differ in their atom connectivity.
straight-chain alkane
A _________________is characterized by a chain of carbon atoms in which each
carbon has a bond to two other carbon atoms, except for the carbon atoms at each end
which have a bond to only one carbon. The structure on the right is the branched-chain
alkane 2-methylpropane.
branched-chain alkane
.A___________________has a chain of carbon atoms in which one or more of the
carbon atoms has bonds to three or four carbons, appearing as a branch in the chain. In
the branched-chain alkane shown, the carbon atom in the middle has bonds to three
carbons, and all the other carbon atoms have a bond to only one carbon.
What is the molecular formula for the ball-and-stick models shown below? Do
these models represent structural isomers or different conformations of the same
compound? Identify each model as a straight-chain or a branched-chain alkane.
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