CHEM 121 FINAL EXAM | UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED .Buy Quality Materials!
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Course
CHEM 121
Institution
CHEM 121
CHEM 121 FINAL EXAM | UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED .Buy Quality Materials!
Specific Heat equation
Electronegativity trend
Bond length
The less bonds, the longer the bond length.
Single bonds are the longest.
Bond Strength
More bonds, greater strength.
Formal Charges
Polar
A p...
CHEM 121 FINAL EXAM | UPDATED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS UPDATED .Buy Quality Materials!
Specific Heat equation
Electronegativity trend
Bond length
The less bonds, the longer the bond length.
Single bonds are the longest.
Bond Strength
More bonds, greater strength.
Formal Charges
Polar
A polar bond is a covalent bond between two atoms where the electrons forming the
bond are unequally distributed. This causes the molecule to have a slight electrical
dipole moment where one end is slightly positive and the other is slightly negative.
Polar bonds are the dividing line between pure covalent bonding and pure ionic
bonding.
Examples: Water is a polar bonded molecule.
A water molecule, abbreviated as H2O, is an example of a polar covalent bond. The
electrons are unequally shared, with the oxygen atom spending more time with
electrons than the hydrogen atoms. Since electrons spend more time with the oxygen
atom, it carries a partial negative charge.
Nonpolar
Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of bond that occurs when two atoms share a pair of
electrons with each other. These shared electrons glue two or more atoms together to
form a molecule. Like children who share toys, atoms involved in a nonpolar covalent
bond equally share electrons.
containing no permanently dipolar molecules; lacking a dipole.
Molecule which has no separation of charge, so no positive or negative poles are
formed.
Examples: O2, CO2, N2
Covalent
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between
atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs and the stable
balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is
known as covalent bonding.
A covalent bond is a chemical link between two atoms in which electrons are shared
, between them.
Examples:
There is a covalent bond between the oxygen and each hydrogen in a water molecule
(H2O). Each of the covalent bonds contains two electrons - one from a hydrogen atom
and one from the oxygen atom. Both atoms share the electrons.
Ionic
A chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges. Ionic bonds form
when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom. These bonds can form
between a pair of atoms or between molecules and are the type of bond found in salts.
An ionic bond is a chemical link between two atoms caused by the electrostatic force
between oppositely-charged ions in an ionic compound.
Examples:
There is an ionic bond between the sodium and chloride ions in table salt, NaCl.
Hybridization of central atom XY2
sp
Hybridization of central atom XY2Z
sp2
Hybridization of central atom XY3
sp2
Hybridization of central atom XY4
sp3
Hybridization of central atom XY2Z2
sp3
Hybridization of central atom XY3Z
sp3
Half Life
Half-life (t1⁄2) is the amount of time required for the amount of something to fall to half
its initial value. The term is very commonly used in nuclear physics to describe how
quickly unstable atoms undergo radioactive decay, but it is also used more generally for
discussing any type of exponential decay.
The time required to convert one half of a reactant to product. The term is commonly
applied to radioactive decay, where the reactant is the parent isotope and the product is
a daughter isotope.
Percent Composition
Percentage composition is the percentage of a formula mass represented by each
element. Percentage composition compares the mass of one part of a substance to the
mass of the whole.
Percent composition is the percentage by mass of each element in a compound.
Examples: The percent composition of water is 20% hydrogen and 80% oxygen.
Oxidation Numbers
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