Class notes
Levels of Measurement and Types of Sampling
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- Mcdaniel College
Overview of levels of measurement and types of sampling. Basic statistics concepts.
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Tuesday, 8/27➢ Statistics-study of how to collect, organize, analyze, interpret numerical information from
data
➢ Quantitative variables-numerical measurement
➢ Qualitative variables-describes an individual, could be observed or collected from
interview questions
➢ Population parameter-numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population
➢ Sample statistic-numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample
Professor went through guided exercise about identifying individuals and populations,
quantitative vs qualitative variables, etc.
➢ Nominal level of measurement-applies to data that consists of names, labels, or
categories; no implied criteria
➢ Ordinal level of measurement-applies to data that can be arranged in order; differences
between data values cannot be determined
➢ Interval level of measurement-data can be ordered, differences are meaningful(can say
that one value is 5 more or less than another)
➢ Ratio level of measurement-ratios of data values are also meaningful; data at the ratio
level have a true zero
→ At the ratio level, it can be concluded that one data value is twice as large as another,
for example
➢ Professor went through Example, identifying which level of measurements required for
various scenarios
The level of measurement tells us which arithmetic processes are appropriate for the data;
nominal can satisfy a data set which just requires counting the points, while ordering data
would require a higher level, and any processes requiring division would require the ratio
level
➢ Descriptive statistics-methods of organizing, picturing, and summarizing information
from samples or populations
➢ Inferential statistics-using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the
population
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