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WGU C453 Clinical Microbiology: Questions & Complete Solutions (Rated A+)
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WGU C453 Clinical Microbiology: Questions & Complete Solutions (Rated A+)
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WGU C453 Clinical Microbiology: Questions &Complete Solutions (Rated A+)
Bacteria Right Ans - Single-celled organism that do not have a cell nucleus
and the membrane-enclosed intracellular structures found in most other cells
(Prokaryotic cell).
Gram-positive Bacteria Right Ans - Thick layer of peptidoglycan (20-80nm
across). The peptidoglycan layer is closely attached to the outer surface of the
cell membrane. Retains crystal violet stains. Lack an outer membrane and a
periplasmic space.
Gram-negative Bacteria Right Ans - Cell wall is thinner, but more complex.
Only 10-20% peptidoglycan. Contains an outer membrane, leaving a very
narrow periplasmic space. Does not retain crystal violet stain because of large
quantities of lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin).
Acid-fast Bacteria Right Ans - Cell wall is thick, but consists of 60% lipids.
Lipids make acid-fast organisms impermeable to most other stains and
protect them from acids and alkalis. Stain as gram-positive. Grow slowly
because the lipids impeded entry of nutrients.
Endotoxin Right Ans - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Part of the outer
membrane of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. It can cause fever and
dilates blood vessels- causing BP to drop. Bacteria typically release this when
they are dying, so killing them increases the concentration of this toxic
substance. Antibiotics given late in the infection can cause worsening of
symptoms or even death.
Wall-deficient Bacteria Right Ans - Protected by a strengthened cell
membrane that contains sterols. Example: mycobacterium paratuberculosis
with Crohn's disease- a chronic disorder of the intestine.
Coccus Right Ans - Sphere shaped bacteria
Coccobacillus Right Ans - Short rod shaped bacteria (between cocci and
bacilli)
,Vibrio Right Ans - Comma shaped bacteria
Bacillus Right Ans - Rod shaped bacteria
Spirillum Right Ans - Rigid, wavy shaped bacteria
Spirochete Right Ans - Corkscrew shape bacteria
Function of cell membrane Right Ans - To regulate movement of materials
into and out of the cell by transport mechanisms. It synthesizes cell wall
components, assists with DNA replication, secretes proteins, carries on
respiration, and captures energy as ATP.
Function of the cell wall Right Ans - Helps maintain the characteristic
shape of the cell and prevents the cell from bursting when fluids flow into the
cell by osmosis. Lies outside the cell membrane.
Peptidoglycan Right Ans - Single most important component of the
bacterial cell wall.
Capsule Right Ans - Discrete layer of polysaccharides that protects the cell.
Promotes infection by protecting the bacterial cell from engulfment by
predatory protozoa or WBC (phagocytes). Also mediates adherence of cells to
surfaces.
Pili Right Ans - Tiny, hallow projections that are used to attach bacteria to
surfaces. Are NOT involved in movement. Promote infection by transferring
DNA amount bacteria- which in turn can transfer antibiotic resistance. Can
adhere to RBC and cause blood cells to clump.
Flagella Right Ans - Long, thin, helical appendages that allow bacteria to
move.
Endospore Right Ans - Helps the organism survive, and is not a means of
reproduction. They are formed within the cells, contain very little water and
are highly resistant to heat, drying, acids, bases, certain disinfectants, and
even radiation. They are capable of surviving adverse environmental
conditions for long periods of time.
, Chemotaxis Right Ans - Process of bacteria moving toward or away from
substances in their environment. Towards- positive, Away- Negative.
Bacteria that produce spores Right Ans - Bacillus, Clostridium
Helminths Right Ans - Worm-like organisms living in and feeding on live
hosts, receiving nourishment and protection while disrupting their hosts'
nutrient absorption, causing weakness and disease. Example: Flukes,
tapeworms, adult round-worms of intestine, and roundworm larvae.
Zygomycota Right Ans - Bread molds
Ascomycota Right Ans - Sac fungi. Yeasts. Replication by sexual
reproduction.
Basidiomycota Right Ans - Club fungi. Amanita and other mushrooms.
Deuteromycota Right Ans - Fungi imperfecti. Soil organisms.
Virus Right Ans - Tiny, non living particle that invades and then reproduces
inside a living cell. Contain only one kind of nucleic acid- either DNA or RNA
(never both).
Naked virus Right Ans - Virus with only a nucleocapsid and no envelope.
Enveloped virus Right Ans - Have a bilayer membrane outside their
capsids.
Retrovirus: Single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus Right Ans - Viral
group that produces reverse transcriptase.
Mechanical Vector Right Ans - parasite does not go through any part of its
life cycle during transit. Flies that carry parasite eggs, bacteria, or viruses from
feces to human food are mechanical vectors.
Mutualism Right Ans - Both members of the association living together
benefit from the relationship.
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