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WGU Microbiology C453 Module 3: Q’s And A’s (100%)
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WGU Microbiology C453 Module 3: Q’s And A’s (100%)
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WGU Microbiology C453 Module 3: Q’s And A’s (100%)Phagocytes Right Ans - a type of leukocyte within the body that engulfs and
absorbs bacteria and other small cells and particles. They patrol, destroying
dead cells and cellular debris. Attack microbes and other foreign material at
portals of entry.
Adaptive defenses Right Ans - Respond to antigens by producing protein
antibodies
-Humoral immunity (B cells)
-Cellular immunity (T cells)
Innate defenses Right Ans - those that act against any type of invading
agent (physical, chemical, cellular, molecular, fever, inflammation)
Fever Right Ans - elevation of body temperature to kill invading agents
and/or inactivate their toxic products.
Molecular defenses Right Ans - interferon and complement, that destroy or
impede invading microbes
Cellular defenses Right Ans - cells that engulf or phagocytize invading
microorganisms
Chemical barriers Right Ans - antimicrobial substances in body fluids such
as saliva, mucus, gastric juices, and the iron limitation mechanisms
Overactivity of innate responses Right Ans - can lead to diseases such as
autoimmune problems of lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and others
Non-specific resistance Right Ans - Defense mechanisms that provide
general protection against a wide range of disease producing organisms.
Present at birth, act rapidly, provide general protection.
Specific resistance Right Ans - Immunity defense against a specific
pathogen. 3rd line of defense. Cell or antibody mediated immunity. Take time
to build up, develop in response to a specific antigen, very specific.
, Interferons Right Ans - proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other
cells to aid and regulate the immune response. They inhibit cell division,
combat bacterial and parasitic infections, and promote or impede
differentiation of cells. They also provide a potential therapy for viral
infections and tumors (hairy cell leukemia)
Alpha interferon (INF-a) Right Ans - source: leukocytes AFTER infection
stimulated by: viruses
Effects: production of antiviral proteins in neighboring cells
Beta interferons (INF-b) Right Ans - source: fibroblasts AFTER infection
stimulated by: viruses
Effects: same as INF-a
Gamma interferon Right Ans - source: T-lymphocytes and NK cells
stimulated by: viruses and other antigens
Effects: activates tumor destruction and killing of infected cells
Antiviral proteins Right Ans - enzymes that disrupt various stages of viral
multiplication; specifically effective against RNA viruses
Complement system Right Ans - more than 20 large regulatory proteins
that play a key role in host defense. They are produced by the liver and
circulate in plasma in an inactive form. These proteins account for about 10%
(by weight) of all plasma proteins.
General functions: (1) enhance phagocytosis by phagocytes; (2) lyse
microorganisms, bacteria, and enveloped viruses directly; and (3) generate
peptide fragments that regulate inflammation and immune responses.
classical pathway Right Ans - begins when antibodies bind to antigens,
such as microbes, and involves complement proteins C1, C4, and C2 (C stands
for complement).
lectin pathway Right Ans - begins when macrophages complete
phagocytosis, releasing cytokines that cause the liver to produce lectin
proteins. The lectins bind to carbohydrates such as mannose, which are part
of a characteristic pattern of carbohydrates found on bacteria and some
viruses. This then activates C4 and C2
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