APUSH Final Unit 5: 1865-1898 (The Gilded Age)
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1. Cause of the During the late 1800s, agricultural and industrial produc-
Second Indus- tion increased sharply as the national railroad network
trial Revolution grew to nearly 200,000 miles. The surge of industrial-
(Chapter 17, p. ization expanded the use of electrical power and the
000) application of scientific research to industrial processes.
The Bessemer converter allowed for the mass production
of steel, which was used to construct railroads, ships,
bridges, and buildings.
2. Laissez Faire The federal government encouraged economic growth
(Chapter 17, p. after the Civil War by imposing high tariffs on imported
000) products, granting public land to railroad companies and
settlers in the West, establishing a stable currency, and
encouraging the creation of land-grant universities to spur
technical innovation and research. Equally important, lo-
cal, state, and federal governments made little effort to
regulate the activities of businesses. This laissez-faire poli-
cy allowed entrepreneurs to experiment with new methods
of organization but also created conditions for rampant
corruption and abuse.
3. Gilded Age Im- A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to de-
pact of the In- scribe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the
dustrial Revolu- industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the
tion (Chapter 17, very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and
p. 000) the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social
problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a
high crime rate, and corruption in the government. To gild
something is to cover it with a thin layer of gold -- making
it appear better than it is.
4. Impact of The expansion of the transportation system was the
Railroads and biggest factor in the nation's industrial development. Rail-
industrialization roads symbolized technology's impact on the economy
(Chapter 17, p. and industrial development. Compressed time and dis-
694) tance. Towns that had rail thrived and the most spectacular
growth followed the Civil War. Telegraph and electrical
wires were installed along the tracks.
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, APUSH Final Unit 5: 1865-1898 (The Gilded Age)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cjbo6z
5. Pacific Railway Construction of a transcontinental line was held up due to
Act of 1862 Congress and secession politics. Finally, the Pacific Rail-
way Act of 1862 act was passed. Afterward, Union Pacific
and the Central Pacific Railway started construction of
the transcontinental railroad. Civil War soldiers made up
the Union Pacific crews along with immigrants. The CP
workforce was composed of Chinese workers--they took
lower wages and their willingness to work less in poor
conditions hurt all laborers
6. John D. Rock- Standard Oil Company of Ohio was formed by John
efeller (Chapter D. Rockefeller. There was an oil rush in Pennsylvania
17, p. 701) in the 1860s that supplied oil. Oil refineries sprung up
around Pittsburgh and Cleveland. Standard Oil became
the largest refiner in the nation. Rockefeller was a bril-
liant businessman. John D. Rockefeller developed these
business practices: 1) Horizontal integration 2) Vertical
integration 3) Monopolies and trusts
7. Andrew Carnegie Carnegie Steel by Andrew Carnegie to produce steel for
(Chapter 17, p. railroads that had become cheap due to the Bessemer
703) process. He had up to date equipment and expanded
production and bought up struggling companies. Carnegie
Steel also used VERTICAL INTEGRRATION--OWNED
HIS SHIPS, RAIL AND COAL MINES FOR STEEL PRO-
DUCTION. By 1900, it was the largest company in the
world operating 24/7.
8. Gospel of Wealth "The Gospel of Wealth" is an article written by Andrew
(Chapter 17, p. Carnegie in June 1889 that describes the responsibility
000) of philanthropy by the new upper class of the self-made
rich. Carnegie said the wealthy had a responsibility to help
those less fortunate & argued that the wealthy should give
back to society. Both Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller
gave away much of their money to support education and
medicine. Carnegie devoted himself to giving away his
$400 million in wealth to libraries.
9. In the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin argued organ-
isms produce many more offspring than survive. The off-
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