Exam (elaborations)
spmt 319 Actual Exam with Questions Solved 100% Correct | Verified Solutions
- Course
- Institution
spmt 319 Actual Exam with Questions Solved 100% Correct | Verified Solutions
[Show more]
Content preview
spmt 319 Actual Exam with Questions Solved 100%Correct | Verified Solutions
what are 5 ways that science and common sense differ? - ✔✔the use of theory
systematic and empirical examination
alternative explanations
Relationships among factors
Explanations of observed phenomena
the use of theories: Formal vs. lay theories - ✔✔Non-scientists commonly use "theories" to
explain behaviors, but their theories differ from those scientists employ -- Lay theories are
frequently based on unfounded explanations not subjected to scrutiny
Scientists on the other hand, systematically build theories, and theories are routinely subjected
to scrutiny to determine their merit
Systematic and empirical examination
Anecdotal evidence vs. empirical data - ✔✔Non-scientists test theories in selective fashion
and against their own predispositions --- In this case, a supportive anecdote is seen as evidence,
while disconfirming evidence is dismissed as an anomaly
Scientists, on the other hand, tests predictions and theories in laboratory settings or field
research, and their findings are subjected to scrutiny from others
,Alternative explanations - ✔✔Scientists try to rule out factors that can provide alternative
explanations of their findings --- They might achieve this through study design (e.g. have a
control group and an experimental group) or statically (e.g. by controlling for possible
extraneous factors in their analyses)
On the other hand, non-scientists will generally accept information in accord w/ their views and
dismiss other factors --- For instance, if they believe African Americans are naturally more
athletic than whites, they will ignore or dismiss instances where this is not the case
Relationships among factors - ✔✔Social scientists are concerned with understanding and
explaining how factors are related to one another, and as a result, they deliberately and
systematically examine and scrutinize those relationships
Laypersons might be interested in relationships, but they do not investigate them in any sort of
controlled or precise fashion
Explanations of observed phenomena - ✔✔1) Scientists examine factors that can be readily
observed and are not concerned with metaphysical explanations
a) For instance, to suggest that someone wins a boxing match because of God or that is wrong
to express a particular view is to speak metaphysically -- They shy away from such discourse
because these sentiments cannot be tested or observed
Non-scientists are not concerned with these limitations, and thus, frequently engage in such
debates
Theory - ✔✔a statement of constructs and their relationships to one another that explain
how, when, why, and under what conditions phenomena take place (C
, Social theories - ✔✔"logically interrelated explanations 0f the actions and relationships of
human beings and the organization and dynamics of social worlds
They provide frameworks for asking research questions, interpreting information, and making
sense of the meanings and stories associated with sports
Research and theories go hand in hand because sociologists use research to test the validity
(credibility) of theories, and theories are developed based on research findings
Functionalism Theory - ✔✔Views society as an organized system of
interrelated/interdependent parts held together by shared values and established social
arrangements that maintain the system in a state of balance and equilibrium
Sport and physical activity are seen as parts of this system and serve to bring about positive
benefits and change to society
a. Sport preserves the status quo
b. Often used by people in positions of power to make decisions about sports and sports
programs at national and local levels (e.g., organized youth sport, e.g., FOP little league
baseball; "Commit to be Fit" programs in major cities)
Conflict Theory - ✔✔Focuses on the ways that sports are shaped by economic forces and
used by powerful people to increase their wealth and influence
Rooted in the work of Marx and the assumption that every society is a system of relationships
and social arrangements that are shaped by economic factors
a. Sports are viewed as tools of the wealthy
b. Conflict theorists focus research on class relations or those social processes that center
around who has economic power; how this power is used; and who has advantages and
disadvantages because of the economic organization of society
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Examsplug. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $13.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
67479 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now