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WCC Exam 3 |136 Questions with Verified Answers,100% CORRECT
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WCC Exam 3 |136 Questions with Verified Answers WHY NOT ENGAGE IN WHITE COLLAR CRIME? - CORRECT ANSWER The structure of organizations and industries is similar for all people in those industries and organizations. The opportunities to engage in fraud should be similar for all mortgage brokers. H...

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  • November 17, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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WCC Exam 3 |136 Questions with Verified Answers
WHY NOT ENGAGE IN WHITE COLLAR CRIME? - CORRECT ANSWER The structure
of organizations and industries is similar for all people in those industries and
organizations. The opportunities to engage in fraud should be similar for all
mortgage brokers. However, most individuals don't engage in
white collar. Why is this?

If "lure" is everywhere, why do some people take advantage of these
opportunities while others don't?
•Many offenders have a lot to lose if/when they get caught. They often have
families, ties to their communities and good reputations.
•Perhaps it is how they symbolically construct (view) these opportunities
•Neutralize, moral disengagement,
normalize
•They need to justify their behavior in a way that they can continue to see
themselves as
upstanding citizens.

SENSE OF IDENTITY: "ILLEGAL? YES, BUT NOT
CRIMINAL" - CORRECT ANSWER Many white-collar offenders view themselves as
law-abiding, not "criminals" in spite of knowing their behavior is illegal.
•Deny having a criminal mind
•Did not intend to harm people; no "criminal
intent"
•Actions may have violated the law, but their behaviors were "mistakes,"
"technical violations"
•They continue to present themselves as law-abiding moral individuals
•They see themselves as having suffered enough by having their reputation
harmed. Many believe
they should be spared harsh punishments.

•These perspectives may be thought of as after-

,the-fact justifications, but they also tell us about why some offenders engage in
criminal behavior in the first place. They convince themselves that their
reasons for engaging in this behavior is justified.

ACCOUNTS AND TECHNIQUES OF NEUTRALIZATION - CORRECT ANSWER
•Account= statement made by someone to explain unanticipated or untoward
behavior
•Two forms:
1•Excuses= admits doing wrong, but denies full responsibility for it
•Ex: "confused" by tax laws

2•Justifications= accepts responsibility for the behavior, but denies its negative
content
•Ex: "everybody cheats on taxes"

•It tells us about how the offender understood or conceived of the opportunity.
They view it
in a way that allows them to maintain a non-criminal identity.

NEUTRALIZATIONS - CORRECT ANSWER •Neutralizations permit offenders to
engage in criminal behavior while not thinking of
themselves as "criminals";
•They allow offenders to interpret their criminal intentions and behaviors in non-
criminal ways
•They soften the acts to make them appear as not really illegal or somehow
justified on moral
grounds that exceed the law.

•Techniques of neutralization:
•Denying responsibility
•Denying the victim
•Condemning the condemners
•Appeal to higher loyalties

DENYING RESPONSIBILITY - CORRECT ANSWER •Know that the behavior is illegal,
but do not believe they are directly
responsible for the behavior or its consequences

,•Two ways to do this:
1•Concerted ignorance = when leadership (deliberately) remains unaware of the
laws they are
breaking or that their subordinates are breaking
•Maintaining ignorance about the risks they impose on others. Intentionally
ignoring information or
regulations so they can deny responsibility. This also allows them to present
harms as accidents
instead of crime.

2•Acting under orders = simply following the rules or orders they were given by
"higher ups" in
the organization. They may have a vested interest in not having too much
information.

DENYING THE VICTIM - CORRECT ANSWER •Separation between white-collar
offender and victim makes this easier
•Many offenders do not "meet" or have direct contact with their victims

•Many times, victims are agencies or organizations (e.g., Medicare), or a mass of
unseen people. They are faceless.
•This makes it easier for white-collar offenders to convince themselves that there
is no real
person who will be victimized by their actions
•Think back to the example of identity thieves earlier in the semester.
•"I mean, like real identity theft, man I can't do that. Intentionally screw someone
over—it's not right
to me [...] But corporations, banks, police departments, government—oh, yeah,
let's go get em
. Because that's the way they treat you, you know what I'm saying. If they done
screwed me over,
screw them!" -Dustin

CONDEMNING THE CONDEMNERS - CORRECT ANSWER •When white-collar
offenders do not view the law as legitimate or necessary and therefore see those
who enforce the law as also illegitimate,unnecessary, incompetent, or
untrustworthy

, •This undermines the obligation to obey the law, making it easier to break it while
still
maintaining a non-criminal identity

APPEAL TO HIGHER LOYALTIES - CORRECT ANSWER •When white-collar offenders
claim allegiance to a higher morality than what is contained in the narrow
definitions of the law
•Higher loyalties might include:
•Loyalty to company/boss
•To do the "right" thing as opposed to "legal" thing
•Protecting the company
•Pursuit of profit

•Believing that their actions, while technically "criminal", are somehow "morally"
correct makes it easier for white-collar offenders to engage in crime while still
maintaining a non-criminal identity

MORAL DISENGAGEMENT - CORRECT ANSWER •Refers to the psychosocial
maneuvers that individuals and organizations use to
selectively disengage moral self -sanctions when they undertake actions that
harm others
•I.e., the ways we can turn off our own moral standards against harming others


•Ways to morally disengage:
•Reframe the behavior so that it is not seen as immoral
•Minimize the offender's role in causing harm
•Minimize the harmfulness of the behavior
•Devaluing or dehumanizing the victims

•Those who can more easily disengage morally, the more likely they are to be
involved in crime and deviance
•This can explain both individual-level proneness to crime and deviance, as well
as
aggregate or macro entities (e.g., agencies)

•Collective disengagement can also occur within organizations

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