Cognitive Psychology Final Exam Review Questions with complete answers
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Course
AP Psychology
Institution
AP Psychology
The scientific study of the mind - Cognitive psychology
1)Creates and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions,
language, deciding, thinking and reasoning
2)Is a system that creates representation of the world so that we can act within it to
achieve our goals
1...
Cognitive Psychology Final Exam Review
Questions with complete answers
The scientific study of the mind - ✔✔Cognitive psychology
1)Creates and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions,
language, deciding, thinking and reasoning
2)Is a system that creates representation of the world so that we can act within it to
achieve our goals
1st indicates cognition-mental processes such as perception attention, memory);mind's
control in mental abilities
2nd indicates how the mind operates(creates representations+its function(enables us to
act and achieve goals;minds importance for functioning survival - ✔✔What does the mind
do?
Mental processes such as perception, attention, memory - ✔✔Cognition
In 1868, conducted 1st experiment that would be considered cognitive psychology today.
He wanted to know how long it takes to make a decision. He did this by measuring reaction
time(response to presentation of a stimulus). He used a simple reaction task, in which
subjects were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light(light flashes-->receive
light-->press key), and a choice reaction task, in which two lights were flashed, one on the
left and one on the right, and the subject has to perceive which side the light was on, and
decide which button to press(j or k). It took the subjects 1/10 of a second to decide, and
so he concluded that the difference in reaction time with simple and choice determined
,how long it took people to make a decision. He concluded mental processes can't be
measured directly, but me inferred from behavior. - ✔✔Francisus Donders
He was interested in determing the nature of memory+forgetting specifically. He
implemented a savings method and savings score (initial repetitions-relearning
repititions/initial reps)*100. Savings were greater(retention) for short intervals than long.
Savings(forgetting) curve-memory drops rapidly for 1st 2 days after initial learning then
levels off - ✔✔Hermann Ebbinghaus
In 1879, Wundt founded 1st lab of scientific psychology. Wundt's approach was to use
structuralism-our overall experience is determined by cominbing basic elemnts of
experience(sensations). He wanted to create a table of all the the basic sensations
involved in creating experience. He wanted to do this through analytical introspection(in
which patients described thought processes in response to stimuli) - ✔✔Wilhelm Wundt
1)Generativity-Take notes in own words; relate to self
2)Distributed practice-Studying a little but over a long time(brain needs a break)
3)Encoding specificity-Source memory(conditions) trigger item
memory(information);location-try to study in some room where you will take the test or
imagine it; mood-if you begin to study in a good mood, you breeze through information to
go back to what you were doing; if in a slightly down mood, you remember information
better
4)Sleep-at least 2-6 hours before a test-No all nighters!
5)Primacy and Recency-You remember the 1st and last thing you read(notes) better and
forget information in the middle easier; vary the order in which you study infomation
6)Mnemonics(Method of Loci)-Just a basic method to remember information(place objects
in a house you want to remember, take test, go back through house and retrieve
information from rooms in the house
7)Quizzing-If you want to improv - ✔✔Ways you should be studying
He was concered with unconscious inference-inferring based on past experience; your
brain makes up stuff from past experiences; a lot of what you think you know, you
don't.Assumptions can be right or can be wrong; brain filling in the pieces; coherent
narrative of life's experience. Not intentionally trying to make stuff up - ✔✔Helmholtz
Says there is only one correct answer to a problem - ✔✔Convergent thinking
, An open-ended approach. There are a large number of potential solutions to a problem -
✔✔Divergent thinking
Technique to train people to think creatively(Finke). Generate new ideas or uses for
existing items +technology; 3m +Honda; honda makes engines and not just cars; 3m makes
things that stick on things (tape) - ✔✔Creative cognition
Represent a problem in the mind, then restructure it; Southwest Airlines-fly from Point
A-B, not A-B-C-D. Only one type of plane, any pilot or mechanic can fly any of their planes
- ✔✔Gestalt approach
A sudden realization of a solution;Metacalfe +Wiebe insight vs. algebra(had students
predict how close they felt they were getting to solving the algebra problem right before
solving it). Sleep facilitates discovering hidden structure needed to solve
problems;Noninsight problems solved gradually - ✔✔Insight
Restricting use of an object to its familiar function(e.g.-candlestick problem). -
✔✔Functional fixedness
Situation influences how you approach the problem.
E.g.(Connect the dots using only three lines) - ✔✔Situationally produced mental set
Restructure, sudden insights(sleep) - ✔✔Approaches to problem solving
Computer use has dramatically increased in last 15 years. People are multitasking on
electronic devices. Multi-tasking results in relying on less advanced brain regions, and as
little as 5 days of web surfing can produce physical changes in the brain. Multi-tasking
produces decrements in performance. There is a link between computer use and lower
academic performance. There is a negative relationship between Facebook use and
self-reported GPAs. There is a negative relationship between Facebook use and hours
spent studying - ✔✔Computers +Cognition
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