Path 375 Midterm UPDATED Questions
and CORRECT Answers
Acute disease - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Rapid onset diseases, have short duration
Anoxia - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Total lack of oxygen to tissues, long term will lead to
cell death
Atelectasis - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Incomplete exapansion of the alveoli
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔decrease in cell size or cell #
Causes of atelectasis - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Compression of alveoli from the outside
Resorption of air distal to obstruction
Deficiency of surfactant
Causes of common cold - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Rhinovirus, coronavirus (non-
pathogenic)
Characteristics of tuberculosis? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Granulomatous reaction w/
caseous necrosis. (Type IV hypersensitivity)
Chronic disease - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Slow onset diseases, long duration
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔accumulation of other materials in cells
Dyspnea - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔subjective "short of breath" feeling
Etiology - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔underlying cause of disease
,Explain the Rh blood group system - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Two alleles: D and d (D
dominant)
Rh+ = DD or Dd
Rh- = dd
- Rh antigens do not have natural antibodies
Function of lower respiratory tract - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Air exchange
Function of upper respiratory tract - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Filters, warms, humidifies
air, speech
How are Hepatitis C (RNA) and B viruses viral carcinogens? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔virus that infects hepatocytes, can transmit veritaclly or horizontally, but can also be
linked to hepatocellular carcinoma
How are the acute and chronic forms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis different? - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔Acute form- type 3 hypersensitivity, C' activation by antibody.
chronic form - type 4 hypersensitivity, T cell mediated, granulomas in alveolar septa.
How can proto-oncogenes be transformed into oncogenes? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔-
point mutation
-gene amplification
-chromosomal rearrangement
-insertion of viral genome
How can sarcoidosis be diagnosed? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Biopsy of affected tissues
and presnce of non-caseating granulomas.
How can strep throat be diagnosed/treated? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Diagnosed through
identification of bacteria, then treated w/ antibiotics.
How can viruses act as carcinogens? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔- Viral gene products in
affected cells lead to unchecked proliferation due to disruption in cell cycle.
,How do Ab neutrolize Ag? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔- bind to surface of viral antigens
(prevent from entering cell)
- immune complexes activate C' cascade
- enhancing removal by liver/spleen
- helping with cell mediated cytotoxic response
How do cells undergo hydropic change (swelling)? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔Dysfunctional Na/K pump from anoxia or lack of energy allows Na+ to enter cells as it
cannot maintain gradient, water follows and cells swell
How do microbial teratogens affect the fetus? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Indirectly -
weakening of mother
- intrauterine growth restriction
- premature birth
Directly - TORCH infections pass through placenta
How do most infections of the heart originate? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Microbial
content in the blood
How do we create a differenital diagnosis (Ddx)? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Take
information from Hx and SSx
How do we create an official diagnosis (Dx)? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Investigation: lab
work, imaging etc
How does a thrombus form? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔An injured/damaged vessel
undergoes vasoconstriction, then platelets form plug around holes in BV, triggering clotting
cascade and fibrin accumulates
How does complement syetem contribute to inflammation? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔Formation of MAC complex, which bores holes in cell membranes and kills cells
, How does metaplasia progress to dysplasia? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Continued
exposure to noxious stimulus:
ie. smoking
- chronic smoking causes bronchial epithelial cell to convert from simple columnar to
stratified squamous.
- can revert in smoking stops
- if not, progrsses to dysplasia
How does rubella effect a fetus? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Symptoms related to
transplacental passage of virus during critical stages of organogensis
Causes congenital rubella syndrome:
- neurological
- congenital heart diease
- eye abnormalities
** can be prevented by vaccinating mother
How does the HTLV-1 (RNA) virus cause cancer? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔It is linked to
a rare form of T-cell leukemia
How does zygote become morula? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Divides into 2, 4, 8, 16 cells
- 16 cells is called morula (3-4 days in)
How is a septal defect detected? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Murmur during systole
How is asthma treated? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Acute attacks - bronchodilators
Chronic inflammation - steroids.
How is blood supplied to the heart through the coronary arteries? (pathway) - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔Originates from proximal aorta, then into left and right coronary arteries.
Left: branches into left circumflex and left anterior descending, supplies anterior and lateral
LV. Right: Supplies RV and posterior wall of LV.
and CORRECT Answers
Acute disease - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Rapid onset diseases, have short duration
Anoxia - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Total lack of oxygen to tissues, long term will lead to
cell death
Atelectasis - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Incomplete exapansion of the alveoli
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔decrease in cell size or cell #
Causes of atelectasis - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Compression of alveoli from the outside
Resorption of air distal to obstruction
Deficiency of surfactant
Causes of common cold - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Rhinovirus, coronavirus (non-
pathogenic)
Characteristics of tuberculosis? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Granulomatous reaction w/
caseous necrosis. (Type IV hypersensitivity)
Chronic disease - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Slow onset diseases, long duration
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔accumulation of other materials in cells
Dyspnea - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔subjective "short of breath" feeling
Etiology - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔underlying cause of disease
,Explain the Rh blood group system - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Two alleles: D and d (D
dominant)
Rh+ = DD or Dd
Rh- = dd
- Rh antigens do not have natural antibodies
Function of lower respiratory tract - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Air exchange
Function of upper respiratory tract - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Filters, warms, humidifies
air, speech
How are Hepatitis C (RNA) and B viruses viral carcinogens? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔virus that infects hepatocytes, can transmit veritaclly or horizontally, but can also be
linked to hepatocellular carcinoma
How are the acute and chronic forms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis different? - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔Acute form- type 3 hypersensitivity, C' activation by antibody.
chronic form - type 4 hypersensitivity, T cell mediated, granulomas in alveolar septa.
How can proto-oncogenes be transformed into oncogenes? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔-
point mutation
-gene amplification
-chromosomal rearrangement
-insertion of viral genome
How can sarcoidosis be diagnosed? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Biopsy of affected tissues
and presnce of non-caseating granulomas.
How can strep throat be diagnosed/treated? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Diagnosed through
identification of bacteria, then treated w/ antibiotics.
How can viruses act as carcinogens? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔- Viral gene products in
affected cells lead to unchecked proliferation due to disruption in cell cycle.
,How do Ab neutrolize Ag? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔- bind to surface of viral antigens
(prevent from entering cell)
- immune complexes activate C' cascade
- enhancing removal by liver/spleen
- helping with cell mediated cytotoxic response
How do cells undergo hydropic change (swelling)? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔Dysfunctional Na/K pump from anoxia or lack of energy allows Na+ to enter cells as it
cannot maintain gradient, water follows and cells swell
How do microbial teratogens affect the fetus? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Indirectly -
weakening of mother
- intrauterine growth restriction
- premature birth
Directly - TORCH infections pass through placenta
How do most infections of the heart originate? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Microbial
content in the blood
How do we create a differenital diagnosis (Ddx)? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Take
information from Hx and SSx
How do we create an official diagnosis (Dx)? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Investigation: lab
work, imaging etc
How does a thrombus form? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔An injured/damaged vessel
undergoes vasoconstriction, then platelets form plug around holes in BV, triggering clotting
cascade and fibrin accumulates
How does complement syetem contribute to inflammation? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔Formation of MAC complex, which bores holes in cell membranes and kills cells
, How does metaplasia progress to dysplasia? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Continued
exposure to noxious stimulus:
ie. smoking
- chronic smoking causes bronchial epithelial cell to convert from simple columnar to
stratified squamous.
- can revert in smoking stops
- if not, progrsses to dysplasia
How does rubella effect a fetus? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Symptoms related to
transplacental passage of virus during critical stages of organogensis
Causes congenital rubella syndrome:
- neurological
- congenital heart diease
- eye abnormalities
** can be prevented by vaccinating mother
How does the HTLV-1 (RNA) virus cause cancer? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔It is linked to
a rare form of T-cell leukemia
How does zygote become morula? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Divides into 2, 4, 8, 16 cells
- 16 cells is called morula (3-4 days in)
How is a septal defect detected? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Murmur during systole
How is asthma treated? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Acute attacks - bronchodilators
Chronic inflammation - steroids.
How is blood supplied to the heart through the coronary arteries? (pathway) - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔Originates from proximal aorta, then into left and right coronary arteries.
Left: branches into left circumflex and left anterior descending, supplies anterior and lateral
LV. Right: Supplies RV and posterior wall of LV.
