What is biochemistry? - answer✔the study of chemical processes in living organisms and the
structure, function, and biosynthesis of the macromolecules responsible for these processes
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes - answer✔- Prokaryotes have no nucleus or membrane bound
organelles
- Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- Both can reproduce and respond to the environment
Archaea and Bacteria - answer✔two domains of prokaryotes
Eukarya - answer✔Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants,
fungi, and animals
Characteristics that distinguish living creatures from inanimate objects - answer✔1) Chemically
complex and highly organized
2) Extract and use energy(nutrients) from the environment and export end products of
metabolism (like CO 2exhale)
3) Have the capacity to precisely self-replicate and self-assemble
The basic structural, functional, andbiological unit of Life is - answer✔A cell
Within the cell Life is organized - answer✔by organelles
Within the cell Life is self-sustaining - answer✔by metabolizing nutrients and using theenergy
Life is information based - answer✔by genetic information called DNA
DNA is - answer✔double helix, contains two antiparallel DNA strands
DNA contains genes which are - answer✔unit" sequence of"nucleotides" (900-2700) that
encodes the amino acid sequence of a protein, or is used to make an RNA.
We have (BLANK) chromosomes, eachcontains a double helix DNA. - answer✔46
Rough ER (ribosomes) - answer✔where protein is made; where proteins are folded
Smooth ER - where Ca2+ - answer✔where Ca2+ is stored and released for muscle contraction;
where lipids and steroids are synthesized; where toxic products and ethanol are detoxified in
liver.
Golgi apparatus - answer✔"saclike membraneous vesicles" -packages proteins for secretion by
budding off vesicles
Nucleus - answer✔where DNA & RNA & ribosomes* are synthesized
Lysosomes - answer✔Recycling Bin" "Bag of hydrolyticenzymes" to degrade old proteins and
otherbiochemicals that cell is not using.
Lysosomes - Within cells - answer✔Digests old proteins and those notin use
Lysosomes - Outside of cells: - answer✔contents secreted to remodel bones
Mitochondria - answer✔where a big portion of Aerobic metabolism (requiring O2) takes place
for the synthesis of ATP.
Ribosome - answer✔a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins. They bind
messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.
Mitochondrion- Regulate "apoptosis" or programmed cell death - answer✔for the normal
turnover of old and birth of new cells. Example is that cells of the intestinal epithelial
membrane are shed after a meal.
The Mitochondrion- Site of aerobic metabolism - answer✔where food molecules are oxidized
for the O2 dependent synthesis of ATP (energy storage molecule),releasing CO2 (cellular
respiration).
How mitochondria are constructed - answer✔- has double membrane that separate inner
compartment (matrix) seperated with many folds(cristae) and outercompartment called the
intermembrane space
- Soluble enzymes are packed into the mitochondrial "lakes" (the matrix and the
intermembrane space);
- Membrane bound enzymes are found in theinner mitochondrial membrane
Mitochondrion• Have DNA in the matrix - answer✔- Encodes 5% of the protein/RNA of
mitochondrion (to make protein you needRNA)
- Mitochondrion can replicate without themuscle cell dividing
DNA in mitochondria is believed to haveoriginated from an - answer✔endosymbiotic
relationship between an anaerobe and an invading aerobic bacterium.
Bacterial DNA is - answer✔circular (eukaryotic DNA is linear)
Mitochondrial DNA is - answer✔circular
Mitochondria can divide independently of the - answer✔cell cycle by simple fission.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - answer✔DNA -> RNA -> Protein (Replication->
Transcription-> Translation)
What are organic molecules? - answer✔are made ofcarbon and hydrogen, and caninclude
other elements.
What makes carbon unique within biological compounds? - answer✔Carbon has an atom
number of 6. It has 4 valence electrons, all are bonding electrons.
A carbon atom can share each of its valence electrons with a valence electron ofanother atom
to make covalent bonds between the atoms and carbon.
The principal elements forming covalent bonds to carbon are - answer✔carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous
The principal "ions" in biological fluids are - answer✔Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl-.
Water (HOH) is the matrix of life - answer✔Most of the mass of a cell is water.
What are the four most abundant elements in the cell? - answer✔Carbon, Oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen
Carbon single bone - answer✔Saturated bonds are tetrahedraland can rotate
carbon double bond - answer✔cis/transgeometry and cannot rotate freely
4 classes of macromolecules - answer✔carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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