Criteria for causation - answer✔1. IV before DV; 2. IV + DV must "covary"; 3. Changes in DV
must be a result in the IV, no extraneous variables
Full/True Experiments - answer✔Highest control; manipulate IV, randomly assigned groups,
equivalent groups
Quasi Experiments - answer✔Moderate Control; manipulate or observe IV, not randomly
assigned
Pre-Experiments - answer✔Lowest Control, manipulate/observe IV, not randomly assigned
groups, no comparison
Designs under Full Experiment - answer✔Pretest-Posttest, Solomon Four, Prost-test
Pretest-Posttest Control Group - answer✔Measure DV before/after exposure to IV, control
group for comparison, but may sensitize participants
Solomon Four - answer✔"Wisest" - 1 treatment + 1 control has pretest/posttest, while other
only has posttest. Compare treatment groups to check for sensitization
One-Shot Case Study - answer✔no control group; only posttest -- most common in
communication
One group pretest - posttest - answer✔no control group; measure DV before/after experiment;
looking for change in DV
Types of Pre-Experimental Designs - answer✔One-Shot, One group Pretest-Posttest, Static
Group Pretest-Posttest
Static Control Prettest-Posttest - answer✔has control group but not equivalent with treatment
group, measure DV only after experiment, want change in treatment group only
Factors - answer✔Each IV if more than on... categories
Main effect - answer✔change in DV caused by 1 factor (IV)
Interaction effect - answer✔Change in DV caused by 2+ factors in combination
Design Statement - answer✔# of factor levels (# of categories per IV) separated by
multiplication sign
Cells - answer✔# found from design statement - must have subjects in each cell
In nominal data, only __ can be used - answer✔mode
In ordinal data, ___ ___ ___ can be used - answer✔mode, median, and range
Z-score - answer✔How many SD's a raw score is above/below the mean
Frequency Tables - answer✔how often categories occurred; hashmarks; absolute frequencies;
relative frequencies
Use of frequency tables - answer✔comparing frequencies or illustrating curve
Use of pie chart - answer✔Shows difference between groups
Use for line graphs - answer✔showing changes in groups at 2+ points in time and between
groups
Use for bar charts - answer✔showing differences between groups, multiple IVs
Use for frequency histogram - answer✔illustrating frequency of larger measurement scale,
survey with larger number of frequencies
Use for frequency polygon - answer✔illustrating frequency of larger measurement or
frequencies
Estimation (inferential statistics) - answer✔Generalizing from sample to population mean
Significance Testing - answer✔Determining probabilities/likelihood of differences/relationships
Standard Distributions - answer✔bell shaped, symmetrical, MMM are all at same point
Non-normal - answer✔Skewness (scores on one side); Kurtosis (peaked); Flat
Confidence Level - answer✔degree of assurance that sample mean represents population
mean, written as a % that we choose
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