©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
CSB520 Exam Questions With Correct
Answers
Renal -
1. Main malignancies that affect male and female urinary systems? - answer✔1. Prostate:
Adenocarcinoma
2. Nephroblastoma ( rare childhood sarcoma)
3. Renal cell carcinoma
4. Transitional carcinoma
What are the common cause of glomerulonephritis and possible consequences? - answer✔-
Swelling of endothelium, decreased, blood flow, inflammation altering permeability and focal
loss of epithelial and endothelium
- decreased urinary output, proteinuria, haematuria
Consequences:
- chronic kidney failure by progression of disease from its origin in glomeruli to tubulo-
interstitial area and blood vessels
-Arterial vessels in glomerulus provide bloody supply to other areas kidney
-all areas kidney can become involved > reduction in function
- Both kidneys involved and as function of both kidneys reduces, clinical state of renal failure
follows.
Why is renal papilla susceptible to toxic injury and ascending infections? - answer✔Nipple like
structure > end of renal pyramid that projects into calyx > area of kidney where urine is at its
most concentrated > can be affected by toxic injury > first bit of kidney proper where an
ascending infection will get to = causing necrosis
What are the major differences between ascending and descending infections and why are the
former more common in females vs males? - answer✔1.Descending coming down through
blood > can knock out both kidneys
1|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
2. Ascending> coming from lower urinary tract > more common in females
- shorter urethra > closer to anus > lack of prostate gland > UT more prone to trauma
- mucus changes over course of month that can cause bacterial adhesion
What are the possible causes and consequences of urinary stones? - answer✔1. Pain-
urinary/colic if stone is in muscular tube (ureter) + peristaltic wave compresses the wall n stone
> ischaemia and pain
2. Bleeding from damage to lining epithelium of renal pelvis or UT
3. Obstruction of urine flow- depends on site, obstruction leads to infection, stones and renal
atrophy (hydronephrosis)
4. Predispose to infection - stone may damage lining epithelium reducing defence against
microorganism invasion; obstruction predisposes to infection
5. More stone formation (nidus)
6. Chronic irritation (metaplasia from transitional to stratified squamous epithelium) + cancer
7. Severe cases cause dehydration and hyponatraemia
2 reasons why females at greater risk of UTI - answer✔- shorter urethra
- urethral opening closer to anus
- lack of prostatic secretions
- increased risk micro trauma
- changes in mucous viscosity
Effects on renal failure on body - answer✔a) Over activation of RAAS leading to retention of
sodium & water ^ blood volume as well as vasoconstriction of arteries & arterioles causing ^
resistance = hypertension (can cause atherosclerosis, left ventricular hypertrophy & failure) + ^
hydrostatic pressure causing oedema (worsened if there is proteinuria causing reduced
colloidal osmotic pressure)
b) decreased erythropoietin (EPO) leads to anaemia, lethargy and increased HR
c) Reduced activation of vitamin D & increased urinary loss of calcium & serum retention of
phosphate causes hyperparathyroidism = renal osteodystrophy and soft tissue calcification
d) Acidosis leading to hyperkalaemia which can cause muscle stiffness and abdominal pain or
remain asymptomatic causing potentially life threatening cardiac arrhythmias
2|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
e) Increased nitrogenous waste within blood contributes to chronic poisoning leading to
lethargy and nausea, abnormal platelet functions & peripheral neuropathy
f) Loss of bone mass + lethargy = muscle atrophy
Glomerulonephritis and how does it led to chronic renal failure? - answer✔- Affects both
kidneys as usually mediated by antibodies or antibody-antigen complexes in blood
- Progressive of disease from origin in glomeruli to tubulo-interstitial area + blood vessels
- Arterial vessels in glomeruli also supply blood to other areas of kidney
- All areas of kidney can become involved > reduction in function
- both kidneys commonly involved, as function of both kidneys reduces, clinical state renal
failure follows
What does the word blast denote? - answer✔- Cancer has started in a cell that was never
normal to begin with
- sustained mutations during embryogenesis
How do kidneys respond to hypotension? - answer✔- Activate Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system which results in:
- Angiotensin II > vasoconstriction
- Aldosterone > Increased sodium + water reabsorption > increasing blood volume EPO release,
which in long term increases haematocrit
- ADH release > increased thirst & H2O reabsorption
- Increased sympathetic tone (vasoconstriction + up regulation of B adrenergic receptors in
heart) > increased rate & force of contraction
In renal failure, over activation of RAAS > predisposes to systemic hypertension > predisposes
to atherosclerosis and left-sided heart failure
Risk factors for atherosclerosis? - answer✔Male, smoking, increasing age, diabetes, systemic
hypertension, hyperlipidaemia
Cell of origin in prostate cancer? significance? - answer✔- cell of origin is glandular epithelial
-most common cancer of internal organs in males + 3rd most common cause of cancer-related
deaths in males
- incidence increases with advanced age
3|Page
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
CSB520 Exam Questions With Correct
Answers
Renal -
1. Main malignancies that affect male and female urinary systems? - answer✔1. Prostate:
Adenocarcinoma
2. Nephroblastoma ( rare childhood sarcoma)
3. Renal cell carcinoma
4. Transitional carcinoma
What are the common cause of glomerulonephritis and possible consequences? - answer✔-
Swelling of endothelium, decreased, blood flow, inflammation altering permeability and focal
loss of epithelial and endothelium
- decreased urinary output, proteinuria, haematuria
Consequences:
- chronic kidney failure by progression of disease from its origin in glomeruli to tubulo-
interstitial area and blood vessels
-Arterial vessels in glomerulus provide bloody supply to other areas kidney
-all areas kidney can become involved > reduction in function
- Both kidneys involved and as function of both kidneys reduces, clinical state of renal failure
follows.
Why is renal papilla susceptible to toxic injury and ascending infections? - answer✔Nipple like
structure > end of renal pyramid that projects into calyx > area of kidney where urine is at its
most concentrated > can be affected by toxic injury > first bit of kidney proper where an
ascending infection will get to = causing necrosis
What are the major differences between ascending and descending infections and why are the
former more common in females vs males? - answer✔1.Descending coming down through
blood > can knock out both kidneys
1|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
2. Ascending> coming from lower urinary tract > more common in females
- shorter urethra > closer to anus > lack of prostate gland > UT more prone to trauma
- mucus changes over course of month that can cause bacterial adhesion
What are the possible causes and consequences of urinary stones? - answer✔1. Pain-
urinary/colic if stone is in muscular tube (ureter) + peristaltic wave compresses the wall n stone
> ischaemia and pain
2. Bleeding from damage to lining epithelium of renal pelvis or UT
3. Obstruction of urine flow- depends on site, obstruction leads to infection, stones and renal
atrophy (hydronephrosis)
4. Predispose to infection - stone may damage lining epithelium reducing defence against
microorganism invasion; obstruction predisposes to infection
5. More stone formation (nidus)
6. Chronic irritation (metaplasia from transitional to stratified squamous epithelium) + cancer
7. Severe cases cause dehydration and hyponatraemia
2 reasons why females at greater risk of UTI - answer✔- shorter urethra
- urethral opening closer to anus
- lack of prostatic secretions
- increased risk micro trauma
- changes in mucous viscosity
Effects on renal failure on body - answer✔a) Over activation of RAAS leading to retention of
sodium & water ^ blood volume as well as vasoconstriction of arteries & arterioles causing ^
resistance = hypertension (can cause atherosclerosis, left ventricular hypertrophy & failure) + ^
hydrostatic pressure causing oedema (worsened if there is proteinuria causing reduced
colloidal osmotic pressure)
b) decreased erythropoietin (EPO) leads to anaemia, lethargy and increased HR
c) Reduced activation of vitamin D & increased urinary loss of calcium & serum retention of
phosphate causes hyperparathyroidism = renal osteodystrophy and soft tissue calcification
d) Acidosis leading to hyperkalaemia which can cause muscle stiffness and abdominal pain or
remain asymptomatic causing potentially life threatening cardiac arrhythmias
2|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
e) Increased nitrogenous waste within blood contributes to chronic poisoning leading to
lethargy and nausea, abnormal platelet functions & peripheral neuropathy
f) Loss of bone mass + lethargy = muscle atrophy
Glomerulonephritis and how does it led to chronic renal failure? - answer✔- Affects both
kidneys as usually mediated by antibodies or antibody-antigen complexes in blood
- Progressive of disease from origin in glomeruli to tubulo-interstitial area + blood vessels
- Arterial vessels in glomeruli also supply blood to other areas of kidney
- All areas of kidney can become involved > reduction in function
- both kidneys commonly involved, as function of both kidneys reduces, clinical state renal
failure follows
What does the word blast denote? - answer✔- Cancer has started in a cell that was never
normal to begin with
- sustained mutations during embryogenesis
How do kidneys respond to hypotension? - answer✔- Activate Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system which results in:
- Angiotensin II > vasoconstriction
- Aldosterone > Increased sodium + water reabsorption > increasing blood volume EPO release,
which in long term increases haematocrit
- ADH release > increased thirst & H2O reabsorption
- Increased sympathetic tone (vasoconstriction + up regulation of B adrenergic receptors in
heart) > increased rate & force of contraction
In renal failure, over activation of RAAS > predisposes to systemic hypertension > predisposes
to atherosclerosis and left-sided heart failure
Risk factors for atherosclerosis? - answer✔Male, smoking, increasing age, diabetes, systemic
hypertension, hyperlipidaemia
Cell of origin in prostate cancer? significance? - answer✔- cell of origin is glandular epithelial
-most common cancer of internal organs in males + 3rd most common cause of cancer-related
deaths in males
- incidence increases with advanced age
3|Page
