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PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
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PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
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PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 PRACTICEQUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Two ssdefence ssmechanisms ssare ssdenial ssand ssdisplacement. ssOutline sswhat ssis
ssmeant ssby ssdenial ssand ssdisplacement ssand sssuggest sshow sseach sscould ssbe
ssinvolved ssin ssTim sscoping sswith sshis sssituation. ss- ssAnswer ssDenial ss- ssrefusing ssto
ssacknowledge ssreality ss
Displacement ss- sstaking ssout ssyour ssemotions sson ssa sssubstitute ssobject ss
Possible ssapplications: ss
• ssTim ssrefuses ssto ssbelieve sshis ssbusiness ssis ssgone ssand ssstill ssspends ssall ssday
ssin sshis ssoffice ss(denial) ss
• ssTim sstakes ssout sshis ssanger ssat ssthe ssbank ssby ssarguing sswith sshis ssfamily
ss(displacement)
Briefly ssevaluate ssdefence ssmechanisms ssas ssa ssway ssof ssexplaining sshuman
ssbehaviour ssand ssexperience ss- ssAnswer ssPossible ssevaluation sspoints: ss
• ssLack ssof sstestability/falsifiability sssince ssdefence ssmechanisms ssare ssunconscious
ssprocesses ssthey sscannot ssbe ssstudied ssdirectly ss
• ssDefence ssmechanisms sscan ssonly ssbe ssinferred ssfrom ssbehaviour ssor ssfrom
ssreported ssthoughts ssor ssexperiences ss
• ssUse ssof ssexamples ssto ssillustrate ssand sssupport ssargument ss
• ssIntuitive ssappeal ss- ssmost sspeople sscan ssappreciate ssthe ssidea ssof ssdenial,
ssrepression, ssdisplacement ss
• ssUse ssof ssevidence ssto sssupport ssor sscontradict ssthe ssexistence ssof ssdefence
ssmechanisms sseg sscase ssstudies ssof sspeople sswho ssare ssunable ssto ssrecall
ssupsetting ssevents
Outline sswhat ssis ssmeant ssby sscognitive ssneuroscience ssand ssdescribe ssone
sspractical ssapplication ssof sscognitive ssneuroscience. ss- ssAnswer ssPossible sscontent: ss
• ssScientific ssstudy ssof ssbrain/neurological ssstructures, ssmechanisms, ssprocesses,
sschemistry ss
• ssThat ssare ssresponsible ssfor sscognitive/mental/thinking ssprocesses ssPossible
ssapplications: ss
• ssUse ssof ssscanning/imaging sstechniques sseg ssto sslocate ssdifferent sstypes ssof
ssmemory ssin ssdifferent ssareas ssof ssthe ssbrain ssleading ssto sstreatment ssfor ssmemory
ssproblems ss
,• ssUse ssof ssscanning/imaging sstechniques ssto ssstudy ssmental ssprocessing sspatients
sswith ssdepression ssor ssOCD ssor ssin sschildren sswith ssautism ssor ssdyslexia. ss
• ssUse ssof ssimaging sstechniques ssand ssangiography ssto ssstudy ssthe sseffects ssof
ssnormal ssageing sson ssthe ssbrain ssor ssto ssobserve ssthe sseffects ssof ssstroke sson ssthe
ssbrain ss
• ssUse ssof sscomputer sssimulations/computational ssmodelling ssto sstest sstheories ssor
sshypotheses ssabout ssmental ssprocesses sssuch ssas ssattention, ssmemory, ssproblem
sssolving ssetc ss
• ssUse ssof sscomputer ssmodelling ssto ssdevelop ssvoice ssrecognition ssprogrammes ss
• ssUse ssof sseye-tracking/motion-tracking ssto ssstudy ssvisual ssword ssprocessing ssand
ssreading
Outline ssPavlov's ssresearch ssinto ssclassical ssconditioning ssand ssdescribe sshow
ssclassical ssconditioning ssmight ssexplain ssa sschild's ssfear ssof ssschool. ss- ssAnswer
ssPossible sscontent: ss
• ssDetail ssof ssPavlov's ssclassical ssconditioning ssexperiments ssinto sssalivation ssreflex
ssin ssdogs ss
• ssKnowledge ssof ssPavlovian ssconcepts ssin ssthe sscontext ssof ssPavlov's ssexperiments:
ssunconditioned ssstimulus; ssconditioned ssstimulus; ssunconditioned ssresponse;
ssconditioned ssresponse ss
• ssDetail ssof ssPavlovian sstheory ss- sslearning ssby ssassociation; sstemporal
ssassociation/contiguity ss
Possible ssApplication: ss
• ssSchool ssis ssinitially ssa ssneutral ssstimulus ss
• ssA ssfear-arousing ssevent ss(the ssunconditioned ssstimulus) ssoccurs sswhilst ssthe sschild
ssis ssat ssschool sseg ssbeing ssbullied ssin ssthe ssplayground ss
• ssInitially ssthe sschild ssexperiences ssfear sswhich ssis ssan ssunconditioned ssresponse ssto
ssthe ssfear-arousing ssevent ss(eg ssbullying) ss
• ssThe ssfear-arousing ssevent ssand ssschool ssare sspaired sstogether ssin sstime ss(are
sscontiguous) ss
• ssEventually ssthe ssschool ssbecomes ssa ssconditioned ssstimulus sswhich sswill sselicit
ssfear ss(now ssa ssconditioned ssresponse) sseven sswhen ssthe ssoriginal ssfear-arousing
ssevent ssis ssnot sspresent
Should ssthe sshypothesis ssfor ssthis ssresearch ssbe ssdirectional ssor ssnon-directional?
ssExplain ssyour ssanswer. ss- ssAnswer ss1 ssmark ss- ssthe sshypothesis ssshould ssbe
ssdirectional ss
Plus ss1 ssmark ss- ssbecause ssthere ssis sspast ssresearch ssindicating ssthe sslikely
ssdirection ssof ssthe sseffect ss(or sssimilar)
Explain sswhat ssis ssmeant ssby ssoperationalisation ssand sssuggest sstwo ssways ssin
sswhich ss'riding ssa ssbike sswith sscare' sscould sshave ssbeen ssoperationalised. ss-
ssAnswer ssContent: ssoperationalisation ssinvolves ssclearly ssspecifying/defining
ssobservable ssbehaviours ssthat ssrepresent ssthe ssmore ssgeneral ssconstruct ssunder
ssinvestigation/to ssenable ssthe ssbehaviour ssunder ssinvestigation ssto ssbe ssmeasured ss
, Plus ss1 ssmark sseach ssfor sstwo ssobservable ssbehaviours ssthat sscould ssrepresent
ss'riding ssa ssbike sswith sscare'. ss
Examples: ssuse ssof sscycle sslanes/tracks, sspassing sspedestrians ssat ssa ssdistance ssof
ssat ssleast ss1 ssmetre, ssusing ssbicycle ssbell
The ssstudents ssthought ssthat sshaving ssa ssdog sson ssa sslead sswas ssa ssuseful
ssmeasure ssof ssconsiderate ssbehaviour ssbecause ssit sshad ssface ssvalidity. ssExplain
sswhat ssis ssmeant ssby ssface ssvalidity ssin ssthis sscontext. ss- ssAnswer ss1 ssmark ssfor
ssknowledge ssof ssthe ssterm ssface ssvalidity ss- sswhere ssa ssbehaviour ssappears ssat ssfirst
sssight ss(on ssthe ssface ssof ssit) ssto ssrepresent sswhat ssis ssbeing ssmeasured ss
Plus ss2 ssmarks ssfor ssclear ssand sscoherent ssapplication ssof ssthe ssconcept ssof ssface
ssvalidity ssto ssthe sscontext ss
Application: ssHaving ssa ssdog sson ssa sslead ssappears ssat ssfirst ssglance ssto ssbe
ssmeasuring ssconsiderate ssbehaviour ssbecause ssif ssa ssdog ssis sson ssa sslead ssit ssis
ssless ssable/likely ssto ssupset ssother sspeople ssby sscoming ssclose, ssfrightening,
sschasing, ssbiting, ssgrowling ssetc.
Identify ssand ssbriefly ssoutline sstwo ssother sstypes ssof ssvalidity ssin sspsychological
ssresearch. ss- ssAnswer ssContent: ss
• ssConcurrent ss- sswhere ssperformance sson ssone ssmeasure sscorrelates sshighly sswith
ssperformance sson ssanother ssmeasure ssof ssthe sssame ssvariable ss
• ssEcological ss- sswhere ssa ssmeasure ssof ssa ssbehaviour ssaccurately ssreflects ssthe
ssway ssin sswhich ssthe ssbehaviour sswould ssoccur ssin ssnormal sscircumstances ss
• ssTemporal ss- sswhere ssfindings ssfrom ssresearch ssthat sstook ssplace ssat ssa sscertain
sspoint ssin sstime ssaccurately ssreflect ssthe ssway ssthat ssbehaviour sswould ssoccur ssat ssa
ssdifferent sspoint ssin sstime
Explain sshow ssinter-observer ssreliability sscould ssbe ssensured ssby ssworking ssas ssa
sspair. ss- ssAnswer ss• ssThe ssstudent sspair ssshould ssdiscuss ssand ssagree ssbeforehand
sstheir ssinterpretation ssof ssthe ssbehavioural sscategories ss
• ssEach ssstudent ssshould ssthen ssobserve ssthe sssame sspeople/space/target ssat ssthe
sssame sstime ssbut ssrecord/tally ssindependently ss
• ssTheir ssrespective ssrecordings/tallies ssshould ssbe sscorrelated ssusing ssan
ssappropriate ssstatistical sstest ssascertain ssthe sslevel ssof ssagreement
The ssstudents sscarried ssout ssa ssChi-square sstest sson sstheir ssdata. ssExplain sswhy ssthe
ssChi-square sstest sswas ssan ssappropriate sstest ssto ssuse ssin ssthis sscase. ss- ssAnswer
ss• ssData ssis sscategorical/nominal/frequency ss
• ssThe ssstudents ssare sslooking ssfor ssa ssdifference ssor ssan ssassociation ssbetween
sstwo ssvariables ss
• ssDesign ssis ssindependent/unrelated ssor sscategories ssare ssexclusive ss(observations
sscannot ssappear ssin ssmore ssthan ssone sscell)
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