I got 6 for English A Language and Literature HL, 18/25 for paper 2. Notes based on these themes;
1. Gender inequality
2. Violence
3. Fate
4. Rituals
5. Social Class
6. Genre
7. Foreshadowing
8. Abuse of power/ Corruption of authority
9. Rebellion
10. Religion
Quotes, devices, analysis and introdu...
Sexism and gender rolls in Chronicle of a death foretold
Análisis del libro Crónica de una muerte anunciada
Chronicle of a Death Foretold
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THEMES
● Introduction
“Chronicle of a Death Foretold” (COADF) is a novella written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez in
1981. A pseudo-journalistic reconstruction, it discusses the events surrounding the murder of Santiago
Nasar and the impact it had on the small town 27 years later. Believed to have taken away the virginity of
Angela Vicario prior to her wedding to Bayardo San Roman, Nasar is killed in the name of honour by the
Vicario brothers.
Thus, the most prevalent themes of the novel include violence, religion and Machismo, all of
which are heavily influenced by the historical and cultural background of the Columbian society in 1981,
as well as Marquez’s own childhood.
“1984”, written by George Orwell in 1949, is a dystopian novel that explores a totalitarian regime
of extreme power and control by “Big Brother,'' based in Airstrip One (London). The novel depicts the
rebellion of every day man Winston against the totalitarian regime of Oceania, concluding with his
capture and “re-education”. Written in a time just after the collapse in dictatorial regimes in Europe and
the rise of authoritarianism in Russia,
the setting plays a crucial role in the book, with textual references to real-life events that took
place during the period. Orwell uses the novel to discuss societal themes present in the book such as the
totalitarian regimes, manipulation of truths and conflicts.
● Theme 1: Gender inequality
COADF
1. Cult of machismo and the oppression of women within the Colombian society
2.
○ Bayardo San Roman is described to have “given back his bride”
■ dehumanisation of women, where they are seen as objects who can be ‘returned’
if they were not in a satisfactory condition for men
■ ironic and is juxtaposed by his appearance as he is very well-maintained,
well-dressed and “looked like a fairy”, which are feminine traits
○ “boys were raised” while the “daughters were reared” in the Vicario household
■ she was not pure, and did not uphold the expectations of Marianismo, which was
to remain pure and virtuous for their husbands
■ Juxtaposition between “raised” and “reared”
■ “Reared” - zoomorphism/anthropomorphism to dehumanise women suggesting
that their status was no higher than animals
, ○ “as a newlywed she could display open under the sun in the courtyard of her house the
linen sheet with the stain of honor.”
■ Here, there was a double standard set, where there is no such expectations for
men, and it was common knowledge that they visited brothels
■ Highlights the gender inequality, unfairness of the cult of Machismo
■ Metaphor - “stain of honor” the custom of hanging the bloody wedding sheets
outside in the sun, for all to see,
○ ‘short jacket and very tight trousers’
■ Bayardo pays extreme attention to his appearance: a detailed depiction of his
outfit - reduces his size and consequently effeminates him
■ Bayardo’s characterization is more effeminate than virile in the novel, creating an
ironic circumstance where he does not fill the quota of machismo, forever
remaining an outsider in the village’s society → hence gets killed
■ stark contrast between Bayardo and the village people
■ Schism between Bayardo and the village only grows larger
○ ‘Calfskin’ and ‘Kid gloves
■ Allusion - to youth and naivety, painting a picture of him as young and possibly
inexperienced; all of this further reducing his supposedly manly figure to that of a
more effeminate one
○ "novice bullfighter"
■ description of Bayardo as innocent and inexperienced - diction
■ juxtaposes with what an actual bullfighter should be, manly and experienced
■ The presentation of him as effeminate presents a natural contrasts with other men
in the novel such as Santiago Nasar
■ implies his lack of virility metaphorically
● Theme 2: Violence
COADF
1. The theme of violence is portrayed persistetly throughout the novel, since the plot revolves
around Santiago’s murder.
○ “But she couldn't avoid a wave of fright as she remembered Santiago Nasar's horror
when she pulled out the insides of a rabbit by the roots and threw the steaming guts to the
dogs”
■ On the morning of his murder, Santiago enters his kitchen to find the cook,
disemboweling rabbits
■ The image, grimly foreshadows the violence and death that will befall Santiago
, ○ “Half of the cranium had been destroyed by the trepanation, and the lady-killer face that
death had preserved ended up having lost its identity. Furthermore, the priest had pulled
out the sliced-up intestines by the roots, but in the end he didn't know what to do with
them, and he gave them an angry blessing and threw them into the garbage pail.”
■ Description of Santiago’s body after Father Amador has completed his clumsy
autopsy
■ Gruesome detail of the transformative quality of violence - how it reduces
Santiago to a mere thing, or collection of things, and entirely erases his identity
as a human being
■ Juxtaposition - “angry blessing” being the priest he is supposed to be taking care
of the citizens well being, but he is in fact frustrated and not sure of what to do,
someone who is supposed to have a sense of morality does not have
■ Irony - priest and the brutal violence performed by him, “pulled out” connotes a
lack of care
○ “But Argénida Lanao, the oldest daughter, said that Santiago Nasar walked with his
usual good bearing”
■ Argénida Lanao’s contradictory memory of Santiago’s passing highlights how
fictionalized this act has become the town’s collective memory
■ Reflects the genre, journalism - many different facts coming together to form an
incomplete story
1984
1. Violence conducted by the oppressive government is portrayed vividly in the novel.
2. The most prevalent example is the torture of Winston and Julia by the Inner Party with the aim to
brainwash them.
3. Violence is used by the party to control the people and maintain order in the society of 1984. The
Thought Police often use violence to instill fear in the minds of individuals, preventing them from
stepping out of line. Similar to how the secret police of the world war became partial legends with
stories of people disappearing.
4. Violence is not only physical, but could be psychological, as a strategy by the oppressive
government
○ “Sometimes it was fists, sometimes it was truncheons, sometimes it was steel rods,
sometimes it was boots.”
■ The use of lexical field using nouns that are associated with the military or war
compares Winston’s torture to that of a Prisoner of War.
■ These military associations that are linked to brutality, listed continuously,
suggests the array of violent methods that were used to hurt Winston.
■ Parallelism - emphasis on the violence and creates a flow in the sentence, ironic
because such brutality should be not be easy
■ Imagery of violence - violence the Party inflicts on its citizens and how this
influences them to be defensive and violent to others → violent imagery →
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