true/false: in 2015-2016, the number of cases of syphilis increased - answer✔true
list 3 factors that predispose someone to an STD - answer✔- first sexual experience at young
age
- multiple sexual partners
- low education
- low SES
- urban dweller
- incarceration
- use of crack cocaine
- unprotected intercourse
true/false: diagnosis of STDs can be complicated because some infections can be asymptomatic.
These infections can not be cured. - answer✔- first true
- second false: most can be cured with no ill effect if detected early
STDs caused by bacteria include - answer✔gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, chancroid
Neiserria gonorrhoeae is a gram ________________, and is (aerobic/anaerobic) - answer✔gram
negative diplococcus, aerobic
which bacterial STD has a strict requirement for moisture and pH, can be easily killed by
*drying*, and is not transmitted by fomites? - answer✔neiserria gonorrhea
true/false: neiserria gonorrhea infects women more than men. it is easily transferred from
surface to surface via fomites. - answer✔both false
(men more affected than women, not transmitted by fomites)
true/false: blacks are more commonly affected with gonorrhea than any other race/ethnicity.
the Healthy People 2010 target for gonorrhea is 19 cases per 100,000 population. -
answer✔both true
prevalence of gonorrhea is highest in persons living in what region of the US? - answer✔south
true/false: neiserria gonorrhea replicates in squamous epithelium better than columnar
epithelium. it is commonly seen in the oral cavity of patients infected with the bacteria. -
answer✔both false
- n gonorrhea replicates better in *transitional epithelium* (urethra) than squamous
epithelium.
- rare in oral cavity but when present, infects the *oropharyngeal transition region*
n gonorrhea is rare in the oral cavity, but when present, infects the ______________________
region - answer✔oropharyngeal transition region
in regards to gonorrhea, up to _____% of men are asymptomatic, whereas _______ of women
are asymptomatic - answer✔40% (men), 50-80% (women)
women infected with n gonorrhea can lead to _________________________, occurs in 1
million women per year, and can lead to ectopic pregnancy, infertility and chronic pain -
answer✔pelvic inflammatory disease
true/false: gonococcal pharyngitis is very common. when observed, it is seen in men that have
sex with men and is frequently asymptomatic. - answer✔- first false: it is uncommon (0.7%-22%
infected pts have oral infections)
- second true: transmission is also infrequent
how is the laboratory diagnosis of n gonorrhea made? - answer✔gram stain for presumptive
diagnosis, culture of throat or urine for definitive diagnosis
(large numbers of PMNs present)
treatment of gonorrhea - answer✔CDC recommends "dual therapy"
- single does of injectable cephalosporin (ceftriaxone 250mg IM 1 dose) + 1 gram azythromycin
gonorrhea has a coinfection with ________________ in 50-70% of cases - answer✔chlamydia
trachomatis
up to ________ of cases of gonorrhea are penicillin resistant - answer✔27.2%
in regards to tx of gonorrhea (with or without coinfection with chlamydia), while dual therapy
suggests *ceftriaxone 250mg IM 1 dose) + 1 gram azthryomycin, _________________ can be
used in place of azythromycin - answer✔100mg orally of doxycycline twice daily for 7 days
an alternative cephalosporin to ceftriaxone used for tx of gonorrhea is - answer✔cefixime
(suprax) 400mg orally
does a dental patient with a history of gonorrhea and NO signs of infection pose a threat to a
dental healthcare worker? - answer✔no, however, clinical exam should always include
assessment for signs of active infection
_______________ is an STD caused by bacteria that has often been called "the great imitator"
because so many of the signs and symptoms are indistinguishable from those of other diseases
- answer✔syphilis
t pallidum is a bacteria that causes syphilis and is considered an (aerobic/anaerobic)
_________________ - answer✔anaerobic spirochete
true/false: syphilis is easily spread via fomites. males to female ratio is 3:1. - answer✔- first
false (fomite spread is rare; almost exclusively transmitted via sexual contact)
- second true
risk group for syphilis - answer✔- 15-25 years old
- 3:1 male to female
presentation and stages of syphilis - answer✔- *primary:* single sore (chancre)
- *secondary*: skin rash and mucous membrane lesions (not itchy)
- *latent*: asymptomatic but seroreactive
- *tertiary*: organ damage (CNS, aortic aneurysm)
time between infection and start of first symptom (chancre) of primary syphilis is ___________.
if adequate tx is not administered, infection progresses to the secondary stage in about
__________ - answer✔21 days, 6 weeks
true/false: the chancre (primary syphilis) is usually firm, round and very painful. it appears at
the spot where syphilis entered the body and lasts about 3-6 weeks and heals *without
treatment* - answer✔- first false: usually firm, round, small and *painless*
- second true
what stage of syphilis is characterized by a skin rash - answer✔secondary
rash that is rough, red, or reddish brown spots both on palms of hands and soles of feet that
does NOT itch is characteristic of what STD - answer✔secondary syphilis
other than the non-itchy skin rash, symptoms of secondary syphilis also include - answer✔-
fever
- *patchy hair loss*
- sore throat
- swollen lymph glands
- weight loss
- muscle aches/fatigue
true/false: patchy hair loss is a common symptom of primary syphilis. signs/symptoms of
secondary syphilis will resolve with or without tx, but progress to latent and tertiary without tx.
- answer✔- first false: patchy hair loss is a common symptom of *secondary* syphilis
- second true
early latent syphilis vs late latent syphilis - answer✔early: < 1 year
late: > 1 year
NO CLINICAL SIGNS OR SYMPTOMS
4|Page
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