Autonomic nervous system - answer✔maintains homeostasis in the body
somatic nervous system - answer✔controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
brain is composed of: - answer✔brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum and cerebrum
Brainstem - answer✔medulla, pons, and midbrain
Diencephalon - answer✔Thalamus and hypothalamus
Cerebrum - answer✔basal ganglia and cerebral cortex
Cerebrospinal fluid function - answer✔provides cushion for brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid contains - answer✔electrolytes, glucose and protein concentrations
The cerebrospinal fluid flows through - answer✔ventricles into subarachnoid space
Why is an increase of fluids in the brain (CSF & blood) bad? - answer✔The fluids are not
compressible and the additional mass increases pressure in the brain
Increased intracranial pressure can lead to - answer✔brain hemorrhage, trauma, cerebral
edema, infection, tumors, abnormal circulation of CSF
Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure include - answer✔- decreasing level of
consciousness and responsiveness
- decreased pupillary responses
- severe headache
-vomiting
- papilledema (edema of eye fundus: blurred/ loss of vision)
Herniation - answer✔movement of brain tissue from one intracranial compartment to another
Herniations result in - answer✔increased pressure which affects flow of blood and CSF
Types of herniations: - answer✔-Transtentorial
-Uncal
-Infratentorial
Space occupying lesions (SOL) are a problem because - answer✔the CNS is contained with a
rigid protective space which does not expand
Increased ICP compresses - answer✔tissues
Which tissue is the most vulnerable to increased intracranial pressure? - answer✔capillaries
which get blocked and then no longer supply the neurons nutrients and oxygen
ICP displaces brain tissues causing it to - answer✔herniate or get squeezed
Causes of SOL: - answer✔intracranial hemorrhage, increased CSF, edema, intracranial abscess
and tumors
unequal pupil sizes indicate SOL because - answer✔unequal compression of the neurons
involved int he pupillary light reflex.
Tumors increase - answer✔ICP
The most common type of tumors - answer✔astrocytoma (graded from type I to type IV)
Which types of tumors are common in young children? - answer✔brainstem and cerebellar
Glioma form the largest category of - answer✔primary malignant tumors
Which tumors is common in adults? - answer✔Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma forms in - answer✔cerebral white matter
Glioblastoma is infiltrative meaning - answer✔it invades into normal brain tissues and it's
difficult for surgical resection
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