Hemolytic anemias - answer✔conditions of insufficient iron in the blood due to the destruction
of red blood cells resulting from genetic blood diseases, toxins, or infectious pathogens
are accompanied by jaundice due to ↑levels of bilirubin
Aplastic anemia - answer✔characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by
the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
petechia & purpura due to ↓ platelet function
Macrocytic - answer✔larger than normal cell size
- High mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Macula densa cells - answer✔Specialized cells in the ascending limb which monitor the NaCl
content of the filtrate entering the DCT
Albumin - answer✔protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood
3.5-5 g/dL
proteinuria (albuminuria) - answer✔presence of protein in urine ( not normal finding)
Actin - answer✔A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each
other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - answer✔a hormone cascade pathway that helps
regulate blood pressure and blood volume
Minimal change disease - answer✔nephrons look normal under a regular microscope, is the
most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children
- More common in children
- Can be treated with steroids
- No change in gross glomerular architecture
- Podocyte foot process effacement
- Heavy proteinuria
effacement of cells - answer✔
Epidemic - answer✔affecting or tending to affect an atypically large number of individuals
within a population, community, or region at the same time <TYPHOID< span>was epidemic
How do we deal with this epidemic? (diabeties) - answer✔1. Prevention
- education
- physical activity
- better eating habits
2. Treatment
- glycemic control (diet / medication)
- blood pressure control (ACEi / ARBs)
- reduce proteinuria
Nephritic syndrome - answer✔group of clinical signs and symptoms, present in some disorders,
that cause glomerulonephritis; marked by blood and protein in the urine and by edema in
various parts of the body
Nephrosis - answer✔
Disorders Caused by Renal Failure (8) - answer✔1. Hyperkalemia
2. Edema- Generalized and Pulmonary
3. Hypertension
4. Metabolic Acidosis
5. Uremia: Seen in AKI and End Stage CKD listed from most to least life-threatening
Seen only in CKD:
6. Anemia
7. Bone Disease
8. Failure to concentrate or dilute the urine
Collapsing Glomerulopathy - answer✔
Acute Kidney Injury may be caused by factors: - answer✔-upstream of the kidney i.e. pre-renal
failure,
-intrinsic renal failure i.e. primary renal failure
-downstream of the kidney i.e. post-renal failure
Pre-renal failure: - answer✔Usually related to decreased perfusion (GI losses, burns), CHF or
low BP
Intrinsic renal failure (vascular, glomerular or tubular): - answer✔toxins i.e. mercury or iron,
obstruction to blood flow i.e. arterial stenosis, renal embolism/ thrombosis -arterial or venous,
RPGN (ANCA, αGBM)
Post-renal failure: - answer✔obstruction of urine flow-e.g.prostatic enlargement, uretheral
obstruction (renal stone lodged in the urethra)
RIFLE criteria: - answer✔Risk: serum creatinine increased 1.5 times or urine production of <0.5
ml/kg for 6 hours
Injury: doubling of creatinine or urine production <0.5 ml/kg for 12 hours
Failure: tripling of creatinine or creatinine >355 μmol/l (with a rise of >44) (>4 mg/dl) OR urine
output below 0.3 ml/kg for 24 hours
Loss: persistent AKI or complete loss of kidney function for more than 4 weeks
End stage renal disease: complete loss of kidney function for more than 3 months
Calcium oxalate is a major component of ________ - answer✔Kidney stones
Hydroureter - answer✔the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the
ureter is blocked
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