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UT TYLER FNP NURS 5350 ADVANCED EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS| ACCURATE REAL EXAM WITH FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND RATIONALE|ALREADY A GRADED|GUARANTEED PASS|LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025.

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ut tyler fnp nurs 5350
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ut tyler fnp nurs 5350 advanced exam questions

Institution UT TYLER FNP NURS 5350
Course UT TYLER FNP NURS 5350

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UT TYLER FNP NURS 5350 ADVANCED EXAM QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS| ACCURATE REAL EXAM WITH
FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND
RATIONALE|ALREADY A GRADED|GUARANTEED
PASS|LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025.
Arousal - CORRECT ANSWER Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures,
sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity

Function of Cortisol - CORRECT ANSWER Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body

Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines

Endocrine Communication - CORRECT ANSWER Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Long range signaling

Neurocrine Communication - CORRECT ANSWER Neurons firing information through
synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell

Paracrine Communcation - CORRECT ANSWER Signaling through the extraceullar fluid
between cells in a tissue
Localized areas of communication

Autocrine Communcation - CORRECT ANSWER Localized signaling in which the secreting
cell is also the target cell
Feedback to self

Describe an Action Potential - CORRECT ANSWER Rapid, self-propagating electrical
excitations of the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close in
response to voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization

Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent sections of
membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium channels
open. The initial segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and potassium ions move out.

,Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx

*Na+* initiates the action potential

*Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials (not nerve cells)*

Describe a Resting Action Potential - CORRECT ANSWER Electrical charge when there is no
net ion movement across plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]

This is dominated by potassium (K+)

Take Home Message About Action Potentials - CORRECT ANSWER Resting Membrane
Potential Dominated by K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
Repolarization --> K+
In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++

Depolarization - CORRECT ANSWER As the sodium rushes back into the cell the positive
sodium ions raise the charge inside the cell from negative to positive. Once the interior of the cell
becomes positively charged, depolarization of the cell is complete.

This triggers the action potential

Repolarization - CORRECT ANSWER Sodium inflow is stopped and potassium efflux
increases

In cardiac muscles repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx

Hyperkalemia on Resting Membrane Potential - CORRECT ANSWER Depolarizes the cell
Makes the membrane more negative

Hypokalemia on Resting Membrane Potential - CORRECT ANSWER Hyperpolarizes the cell
Makes the membrane less negative (more positive)

Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER Increase in functional capacity related to an increase in cell
number due to mitotic division
-Usually in response to increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation
-Other causes: persistent cell injury, chronic irritation of epithelial cells
-Usually result from increased functional demand

Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER Increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented
functional capacity in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic demands
-General cause:increased cellular protein content
-Usually result from increased functional demand

,Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER Disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal
variations in size, shape, and arrangement
-Represents an adaptive effort gone astray
-Significant potential to transform into cancerous cells (preneoplastic lesions)
-Result from a persistant injury

Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
-Common cause: adaptation to persistent injury, with replacement of a cell type that is better
suited to tolerate injurious stimulation
-Fully reversible when injurious stimulation is removed
-Result from persistent injury

Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER Usually occurs as a consequence of ischemia or toxic injury

Necrosis occurs when the injury is too severe or prolonged to allow adaptation
-Usually from a disruption in blood supply

Local and systemic indicators of cell death
-Pain
-Elevated serum enzyme levels
-Inflammation (fever, increased WBC, malaise)
-Loss of function

Coagulation Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER Most common type of necrosis
Process that begins with ischemia
Ends with degradation of plasma membrane
Caused by ischemia/infarction

Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER Cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions in
response to normal and injurious factors
-General causes: disuse, denervation, ischemia, interruption of endocrine signals, persistent cell
injury
-Results from decreased functional demand or chronic ischemia

Results from decreased functional demand or chronic ischemia

Proliferation - CORRECT ANSWER A rapid and often excessive spread or increase

Cell Differentiation - CORRECT ANSWER How generic embryonic cells become specialized
cells. This occurs through a process called gene expression. Gene expression is the specific
combination of genes that are turned on or off (expressed or repressed), and this is what dictates
how a cell functions.

Endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER The process of capturing a substance or particle from
outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane.
The membrane folds over the substance and it becomes completely enclosed by the membrane.

, At this point a membrane-bound sac, or vesicle, pinches off and moves the substance into the
cytosol.

There are two main kinds of endocytosis:
(1) Phagocytosis, or cellular eating, occurs when the dissolved materials enter the cell. The
plasma membrane engulfs the solid material, forming a phagocytic vesicle.
(2) Pinocytosis, or cellular drinking, occurs when the plasma membrane folds inward to form a
channel allowing dissolved substances to enter the cell

Exocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER The process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane
and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell
Exocytosis occurs when a cell produces substances for export, such as a protein, or when the cell
is getting rid of a waste product or a toxin.
Newly made membrane proteins and membrane lipids are moved on top the plasma membrane
by exocytosis.

Mitosis - CORRECT ANSWER A type of cell division in which one cell (the mother) divides to
produce two new cells (the daughters) that are genetically identical to itself. In the context of the
cell cycle, mitosis is the part of the division process in which the DNA of the cell's nucleus is
split into two equal sets of chromosomes.

*

Gene - CORRECT ANSWER Invisible, information-containing elements that exist in cells and
are passed on to daughter cells when cells divide

What do genes do? - CORRECT ANSWER Contains approximately 25,000 genes encoded by
only four different deoxyribonucleotides

What is the primary role of genes? - CORRECT ANSWER Directs synthesis of a protein

Chromosomal Disorders - CORRECT ANSWER Usually due to breakage and loss or
rearrangement of chromosome pieces during meiosis or mitosis
Meiosis
Crossing over errors: chromosome portions lost, attached upside-down, or attached to wrong
chromosome
Mitosis
Opportunities for chromosomal breakage & rearrangement

Generally due to an abnormal number of chromosomes and/or alterations to the structure of one
or more chromosomes
Usually a result of separation during meiosis

Monosomy - CORRECT ANSWER Daughter cell with a deficiency of 1 chromosome
Usually not compatible with life

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Exam (elaborations)

UT TYLER FNP NURS 5350 ADVANCED EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS| ACCURATE REAL EXAM WITH FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND RATIONALE|ALREADY A GRADED|GUARANTEED PASS|LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025.

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