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Physiology Mcgraw Hill Textbook Exam 1
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Physiology Mcgraw Hill Textbook Exam1
action potential - a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
Five major sensory receptors: - Mechanoreceptors (touch or sound), Thermoreceptors (raise or lowers
body temperature due to stimulus), Photoreceptors (rods & cones optic nerve), Chemoreceptors
(respiration, cardiac, & blood flow), and Nociceptors (pain).
covalent vs ionic vs. hydrogen. - C: shares e-
Polar C: unequally shared like water.
Nonpolar C: equally shared & no unequal charge.
I: attraction of opposite charges (NaCl) give and take e-
H: electrical attraction to polar molecules.
free radicals - an uncharged molecule with an unpaired (odd number of) valence electron
acids do what in solution vs. base - Acids: molecule releases protons (hydrogen ions) in solution. Bases:
molecule accepts a proton.
Facilitated diffusion - passive move guided by another molecule and no energy. Polar/ charged
molecules need it.
Exocytosis vs. endocytosis? Types of endocytosis? - Exocytosis transports substances out. Endocytosis
brings into the cell. Types: Phagocytosis: cell eating, Pinocytosis: cell drinking, and receptor-mediated.
somatic vs autonomic - somatic -voluntary
autonomic -involuntary
, sympathetic (fight or flight) /parasympathetic (rest and digest)
Ohm's Law - the current in a circuit equals the voltage difference divided by the resistance V=IR
Temporal vs. Spatial summation: - Temporal: one presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters to fire
an action potential. Spatial summation: multiple presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters
together to fire an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron.
Axo-axonic synapse - Synapse between 2 nerve cells, impulse travels from one axon to the other axon,
rather than between axon and dendrite (axodendritic synapse) or axon and cell body (axosomatic
synapse).
Autoreceptor vs heteroreceptor - Hetero: receptor regulating a release of mediators other than its own
ligand.
Auto: receptor situated in the terminal (of a presynaptic nerve cell) sensitive to neurotransmitters
released by the neuron in whose membrane the autoreceptor sits.
Neurotransmitters vs neuromodulators - NT- influence ion channels that affect excitation or inhibition of
the postsynaptic in milliseconds. NM- are a little slower. May change the presynaptic cell's synthesis,
release, reuptake, and metabolic processes of a transmitter. NT involves rapid communication vs. NM
involves slower events like learning, development, and motivational states.
During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels
dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of
__________. - Negative Feedback- maintaining homeostasis
When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release
of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor
contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of
__________. - Positive Feedback- doesn't maintain homeostasis. Not common in nature
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