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Bio 150 final jmu exam study guide with complete solution
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Bio 150 final jmu exam study guide with complete solution
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Bio 150 final jmu exam study guide withcomplete solution
Biodiversity is measurable at three levels: - ANS Genetic level= variability within species
Species level= variability among species
Ecosystem level= variability among ecosystems
Three domains of life: - ANS Archaea, eukarya and bacteria
Population - ANS interbreeding group of individuals. Populations exchange genes
Purpose variability within a population - ANS 1. some genetic variants have advantages over
others
2. natural selection can act on variation
What if populations are separated and cannot exchange genes (two processes can occur)? -
ANS 1. Genetic divergence
2. Speciation
Species richness - ANS Number of species in a specific area
Species evenness - ANS How close in population size each species is
Areas with greater geographic variation usually has... - ANS a higher biodiversity
Novel ecosystems - ANS Made by humans (example: landfill)
Evolution - ANS Change in genetic composition of a population, from one generation to the
next
Natural Selection - ANS Causes adaption inorganisms, acts on variability
Adaptation - ANS Inherited trait that enhances the fitness of an individual in its environment
What is incorrect about this statement:
After being exposed to antibiotics, the surviving bacteria evolved - ANS Individual bacteria
are selected for, but the population evolved
What is incorrect about this statement:
, Selective pressures cause organisms to better deal with their environment - ANS Selective
pressures act on existing variants in the population, they don't cause them to change
What is incorrect about this statement:
Evolution perfects organisms - ANS 1. Some traits are limited by genetic/historical restraints
2. Some traits cannot be optimized due to trade-offs compromises
3. Favored traits depend on the environment and temporal context
4. Not all traits are adaptive
What is the Hardy-Weinberg Law of Equilibrium used for? - ANS model used to determine
whether evolution has occurred or not. Is a population in equilibrium or is it evolving?
Hardy-weinberg equations - ANS 1. p+q=1
2. 2p+2pq+2q=1
p= dominant allele frequency
q= recessive allele frequency
There are 5 main evolutionary mechanisms: - ANS 1. Natural selection
2. Genetic drift
3. Gene flow
4. Mutations
5. Non-random mating
Genetic drift - ANS Change in the populations' allele frequencies due to a random event (has
larger effect on small populations)
Two mechanisms associated with genetic drift: - ANS 1. Bottleneck effect
2. Founder effect
Bottleneck effect - ANS Reduction in population size due to a disturbance usually changes
genetic composition and often causes a decrease in genetic variation (when a large population
drops to just a few individuals)
Founder effect - ANS Small number of individuals from a large population colonize a new
area
Gene flow - ANS When two separated populations can exchange genes in the future. New
alleles are randomly brought in by migration. (usually separated by allopatric speciation)
Difference between gene flow and genetic drift? - ANS Genetic drift removes alleles from the
population, gene flow introduces new alleles and become part of the gene pool
Gene pool - ANS All the genes in a population at a given time
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