College slides and information. Sometimes added information with Chatgpt when I didn't understand something. Might miss some information in the last lecture, because I made mind maps and didn't add it in my document - Mindmaps also available
Brain in Trouble - Hoorcollegeaantekeningen literatuur uitgewerkt
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Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Minor Brain & Mind
Cognitive Neuroscience (AB_1056)
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Cognitive neuroscience
Inhoudsopgave
Week 1 – Day 1 – teaser lecture ......................................................................................................................... 2
Week 1 - Day 2 - Anatomy and Function I .......................................................................................................... 2
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 2
Central and Peripheral Nervous System ........................................................................................................ 2
Nomenclature ................................................................................................................................................ 5
Development and levels of function.............................................................................................................. 8
Week 1 - Day 2 - Anatomy and Function II ....................................................................................................... 10
Ventricular system ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Telencephalon A Overview .......................................................................................................................... 11
Telencephalon B Cerebral cortex ................................................................................................................ 12
Telencephalon C Basal ganglia..................................................................................................................... 15
Week 1 – day 3 – plenary lecture – cross scale human brain ........................................................................... 17
Week 2 – Day 1 – Synaptic transmission .......................................................................................................... 25
Week 2 - Day 2 - Cog Neuro Methods I ............................................................................................................ 25
Week 2 - Day 3 - Highlight-of-the-Week Natalia Goriounova .......................................................................... 30
Week 2 - Day 3 - Neuronal Morphology ........................................................................................................... 34
Week 2 - Day 4 - Anatomy and Function III ...................................................................................................... 38
Telencephalon D: limbic system .................................................................................................................. 38
Diencephalon ............................................................................................................................................... 39
Mesencephalon ........................................................................................................................................... 42
Week 2 - Day 5 - Anatomy and Function IV ...................................................................................................... 44
Metencephalon & myelencephalon ............................................................................................................ 44
Spinal cord & nerves .................................................................................................................................... 45
Autonomic nervous system ......................................................................................................................... 47
Week 3 - Day 1 - Learning and Memory ........................................................................................................... 50
Week 3 - Day 1 - Sensory Systems .................................................................................................................... 55
Week 3 - Day 2 - Cog Neuro Methods II ........................................................................................................... 56
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 56
Multi-scale neuroscience ............................................................................................................................. 56
Neuroimaging methods ............................................................................................................................... 57
Neuro imaging methods breakdown: Lesion Mapping ............................................................................... 57
Neuro imaging methods breakdown: EEG/MEG ......................................................................................... 58
Neuroimaging methods breakdown: MRI (part 1 and 2) ............................................................................ 60
Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................................... 64
Open Neuro imaging Datasets ..................................................................................................................... 64
Summary and Recap .................................................................................................................................... 65
Week 3 - Day 3 - Long-term potentiation ......................................................................................................... 65
Week 3 - Day 4 - Cognition in Rodents ............................................................................................................. 77
Week 3 – day … - Principles of connectivity of the human brain – Highlight of the week ................................ 81
,Week 1 – Day 1 – teaser lecture
Prefrontal cortex:
- Response inhibition
- Social behavior
- Reasoning
- Strategy
- Attention
- Decision making
Week 1 - Day 2 - Anatomy and Function I
Introduction
Much work that our brain is responsible for is something that we generally take for granted
or not even think about is like seeing, hearing, moving, talking, tasting, swallowing. We do a
lot every day without thinking about it but there is a lot of work behind it. A lot of processing
power of our brain.
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Can divide the human nervous system into two main parts which are the central nervous
system (brain and the spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (everything else).
Information from body / outer world via spinal cord to brain
➔ Sensory pathways = afferent (this is the input, sent information from sensory
receptors in skin to the brain)
In brain: integration & association (information from different senses or different parts of
your body or the outer world is put together and certain decisions are formed).
From brain via spinal cord to body
Motor pathways = efferent (this is the output, carries information from the brain to the
neurons controlling the response you want).
,The nervous system is made up of cells, which we call neurons. Are the units that send
information from the brain to the rest of your body and the other way around.
- Information travels via nervous cells or neurons.
- Afferent or sensory neurons: detect changes in internal / external environment and
send information to central nervous system (brain + spine).
- Efferent or motor neurons: send information from central nervous system to body,
controlling muscles and glands.
100 billion neurons and 100 trillion connections in the brain.
If we take a look inside the brain we see two types of matter, which are called the gray
matter and the white matter.
Gray matter: color from capillary blood vessels (so, the blood vessels in that matter) and
neuronal cell bodies (so the neurons that send and receive information are the cell bodies of
these are mainly located in the gray matter). Gray matter organized in (cortical)layers or
subcortical nuclei.
White matter: color from axons covered in an insulating layer of glial cells (myelin). Axons
that are sent from these neurons and this is where the information travels.
Large collection of axons projecting to or away from nucleus or layer = tract = fiber pathway.
The neurons inside the gray matter send an axon to a different brain region or to the spine
cord and down to the body. Along these axons information is transferred by way of electrical
stimulations. The white color is because of the myelin sheet that is wrapped around the
axon and the myelin sheet is insulating layer of fatty tissue which is white. It just makes sure
that the signals are sent much faster.
If a large collection of these axons from a certain brain region go to a different nucleus or to
the spinal cord, we call this fiber tract of fiber pathway.
Essential aspect of how the brain works is localization of function. The brain is not just one
big randomly connected cell, but every area has a specific function and even within the areas
there are subdivisions of how the brain operates.
, For example, what we see comes into a very specific part of the brain and what we hear is
then transferred to another specific part of the brain. Also, what we are feeling on the
outside world is in a specific part of the brain and the output that we sent to our body comes
from a specific region.
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