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SOCY 275 Midterm 1 Questions & Answers
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SOCY 275 Midterm 1 Questions & Answers
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SOCY 275 Midterm 1 Questions &Answers
Attachment costs Correct Ans-people don't engage in crime because they fear disappointing
friends, family etc.
Commitment costs Correct Ans-people don't engage in crime out of fear of losing
employment, education, etc.
Stigma Correct Ans-people don't engage in crime because they anticipate negative reactions
from others
Deviance cost-benefit analyses Correct Ans-based on our own experiences and the
experiences of others of punishment and punishment avoidance
Preventative mechanisms of punishment Correct Ans-deterrence, incapacitation (jail),
punitive surveillance (parole), enculturation (education), reformation (moral jolt), normative
validation, retribution (vigilantly justice), habitation
Generalized immunity Correct Ans-if behaviour is prohibited but never punished, population
will not perceive the threat as intended for them
,Status immunity Correct Ans-certain groups may believe that they are exempt from
punishment when enforcement is not applied to them (white elites)
Deterrable personality factors Correct Ans-present/future-oriented, optimism/pessimism,
risk-taking, impulsion, socialization, deviant subculture, socioeconomic status, emotion, age,
peers
Sources of control (Roshier) Correct Ans-affection (connection to others), status, stimulation,
autonomy, security, money, belief
MAOA Correct Ans-monoamine oxidase. Higher activity of this neurotransmitter
metabolizing enzyme decreases the likelihood of an individual exhibiting anti-social behaviour
after experiencing childhood maltreatment
Automatic Nervous System Functioning (Eysenck) Correct Ans-introverts have levels of
excitation (sensitivity to stimulus) and lower levels of inhabitation (brains will not fatigue as
quickly) leading to them being more likely to avoid risky situations and crime
Extroverts Correct Ans-people who are more externally oriented, sociable, impulsive care
free and aggressive. Will crave excitement, be less dependable and lose temper quickly - more
likely to be involved in crime
Objective definitions Correct Ans-describes empirical features (what is actually present)
without moralistic or emotional evaluations
, Defining deviance Correct Ans-non-circular, a behaviour that is statistically rare, harmful,
and/or in violation of social norms
Statistical rarity Correct Ans-Characteristics that are seen as most common are deemed
normal, while behaviour that varies from norm is deviant (represented in a bell curve)
J-curve of institutional conformity Correct Ans-for some behaviours (e.g. arriving to class
early), most people will fall on one side and the normal will be for curves to be distorted
Harmfulness Correct Ans-Harms associated with deviance are usually physical (bodily harm),
functional (harm to working of the system), ontological (disruption of faith in system/fears of
disorder)
Social responses to deviance Correct Ans-negative response (illicit punishment or rejection),
denial (toleration), romanization or demonization, stigmatizing labels
Normative violations Correct Ans-Deviant behaviour is conduct that departs significantly
from norms set for people (there is a normative way to fulfill all roles in society)
Four-part process of deviance labelling Correct Ans-the motivated observer, the observed,
normative cultural standards, and application of the standards
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