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BIOL 340 Animal Physiology exam with correct answers
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BIOL 340 Animal Physiology exam with correct answers
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BIOL 340 Animal Physiology exam withcorrect answers
What is animal physiology? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The study of animal function, and of
"how animals work"
What is one application of animal physiology to humans? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The study
of human disease and disorder
How is animal physiology integrative? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔It examines all levels of
organization in animals
What are the two central questions in animal physiology? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔Mechanism and origin
What is a mechanism? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The components of actual, living animals
and the interactions among these components that enable the animals to perform as they do
What is natural selection? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The increase in frequency of genes that
produce phenotypes that raise the likelihood that animals will survive and reproduce. This is due to
differential reproductive success stemming from said genes
What is adaptation? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔AA physiological mechanism or other trait that
is a product of evolution by natural selection
What is adaptive significance? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The reason why the trait is an asset;
that is, why the trait is favored by natural selection
,What is the main function of the cell membrane? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔To provide a
barrier, creating a different environment inside the cell than outside the cell. It compartmentalizes
both the cell and it's organelles
What are some major characteristics of the cell membrane? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔It can
assist with cell-cell communication, it is semi-permeable, it is water-insoluble, and it is self-
repairable
What are some major characteristics of the phosophollipids in the cell membrane? - ** VERIFIED
ANSWERS **✔✔Like triglycerol, phospholipids have glycerol. All have a phosphate group and an R
group. They are amphipathic (meaning they have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts)
Which passes through the lipid bilayer more easily: non polar molecules or polar molecules? - **
VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Non polar molecules
About half of the cell membrane is made of lipids. What is the other half? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔Proteins
What are the six main functions of membrane proteins? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Transport,
intercellular communication, enzymes, receptors, cell adhesion, attachment site for cytoskeleton
What are the characteristics of simple diffusion? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Concentration
gradient determines direction of flow, exclusive to hydrophobic particles, passive. Example: CO2, O2
What are the characteristics of ion channel membrane transport? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔Gradient determines direction of flow. Ion channels are gated by ligand, voltage, or stretch.
Need to be selective for certain ions. Inside needs to be hydrophillic
What are the characteristics of carrier/facilitated diffusion? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Ligand
binds to transporter, which then lets the particle out the other side. Can be unidirectional. Is slower
than ion channel diffusion
What are the characteristics of active transport? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The cell expends
energy. Goes against concentration gradient. Includes pumps (Na-K, H, Ca, H-K)
, What is diffusion? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The net displacement of matter from one region
to another due to random thermal motion
Where does the energy for diffusion come from? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Heat
What is Fick's diffusion equation? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔J = DA(dc/dx)
J is the flux or rate of diffusion
A is the cross-sectional area through which a solute is diffusing
dc/dx is the concentration gradient of the solute
D is the diffusion coefficient (D = kT/(6πηa))
k is the boltzman constant
T is temperature
η is the viscosity
What is Einstein's diffusion coefficient equation for a spherical molecule of radius a? - ** VERIFIED
ANSWERS **✔✔D = kT/(6πηa)
k is the boltzman constant
T is temperature
η is the viscosity
How is net flux often expressed when the membrane is not homogenous and D and L are not
known? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔J = PA (C1 - C2)
J is the rate of suolute crossing a unit area of membrane per unit time
P is the membrane permeability of a substance
C1 - C2 (or ΔC) is the concentration gradient
How is net flux expressed in a steady state, where a membrane separates two well-stirred solutions
that have different concentrations, where dc/dx (the concentration gradient of the solute) is the
same everywhere along the membrane? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔J = DA(ΔC)/L
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