Moral Philosophy- A Level AQA Philosophy Midterm Exam Questions And Correct Answers.
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Course
A Level Philosophy
Institution
A Level Philosophy
Arete - Answer An 'excellence', or more specifically, a 'virtue' - a quality that aids the fulfilment of a thing's ergon (Aristotle).
Utility - Answer The net balance of pleasure over pain.
Hedonism - Answer The pursuit of pleasure. The good is pleasure.
Consequentialism - Answer ...
Moral Philosophy- A Level AQA
Philosophy Midterm Exam Questions
And Correct Answers.
Arete - Answer An 'excellence', or more specifically, a 'virtue' - a quality that aids the fulfilment of a
thing's ergon (Aristotle).
Utility - Answer The net balance of pleasure over pain.
Hedonism - Answer The pursuit of pleasure. The good is pleasure.
Consequentialism - Answer What makes an action right or wrong is the consequences it brings about.
Utilitarianism is an example.
The Principle of Utility - Answer The view that an act is right if it produces the greatest happiness for
the greatest number.
Equality - Answer Everybody is morally equal.
Impartiality - Answer We should consider the interests of each person fairly in all situations.
Sentience - Answer The capacity to feel pleasure and pain.
Bentham's Quantitative Hedonism - Answer Only the total amount of utility counts. All pleasures are
EQUALLY valuable.
Mill's Qualitative Hedonism - Answer Higher pleasures of the mind have more value than lower
pleasures.
,Act Utilitarianism - Answer Assesses each separate act according to whether it maximises pleasure over
pain NOW.
Rule Utilitarianism - Answer We should assess situations on the basis of whether the acts we are
considering are compatible with moral rules which increase utility in the LONG RUN.
Preference Utilitarianism - Answer Adopted by Peter Singer, argues that we should seek always the
good we would rationally prefer rather than simply our selfish desires or pleasure/happiness.
The Motivation of Humans (Bentham) - Answer Nature has given humans two sovereigns; Pleasure and
pain. These dictate our decisions.
Psychological Hedonism - Answer Bentham takes it as a self evident fact that humans are governed by
the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.
The Hedonic Calculus - Answer A theoretical system for calculating the amount of pain or pleasure
generated. No one type of pleasure is better than another so it is measured based on intensity, duration,
certainty, remoteness, richness ad purity.
What is the good? (Bentham) - Answer Happiness
Higher and Lower pleasures - Answer Higher pleasures of the mind are worth more and lower
pleasures of the body are worth less. Qualified judges who are familiar with both always regard higher
pleasures as worth more than lower ones.
Mill's proof of Utilitarianism - Answer 1. The only proof that an object is visible is if people actually see
it
2. The only proof that sound is audible is if people actually hear it
3. Something is desirable if people desire it
4. Each person desires their own happiness.
5. Each persons happiness is a good to that person
6. Each persons happiness is good to all persons
, Mill's quote on higher and lower pleasures - Answer 'it is better to be a human dissatisfied than a pig
satisfied, better to be a Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.'
Nozick's Experience Machine (against util) - Answer If humanity is truly hedonistic it will use the
machine which simulates 100% happiness. And yet, most people don't want to.
Tyranny of the Majority (against util) - Answer Act Util ignores the minority. Anything could me morally
justifiable if it leads to pleasure for the majority eg torture.
The issue of partiality and relationships (against util) - Answer Act Util wants us to be impartial, but in
reality we almost always want to be partial to our loved ones.
Problems with using the Hedonic Calculus (against util) - Answer For one, what counts as pleasure is
extremely subjective. Secondly, the HC is time consuming and complicating, which makes it difficult to
apply consistently.
Utilitarianism ignores integrity and intentions (against util) - Answer Eg; George has a PhD in Chemistry
and he is anti chemical weapons. He has a family to support and cannot find a job. There's a vacancy in a
lab which is working on chemical weapons.
Util would say he should takes the job to maximise utility by stopping the weapons being made
successfully.
Deontology - Answer Meaning 'duty'. A duty based ethical system.
Will - Answer The capacity to make choices on the basis of reasons. Animals can want things, but only
humans can will them.
Good Will - Answer The only thing with intrinsic value.
Maxim - Answer The principle or guiding intention behind an action.
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