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BIO 200 UW Exam 1 Questions And Answers Verified Study Solutions DNA ANS Deoxyribonucleic Acid; has H instead of OH- group on 2' of the 6-carbon ring; its double-helix structure allows the hydrophobic nitrogenous bases to face away from water, and the bases themselves hydrogen bond to each other....

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  • November 21, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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BIO 200 UW Exam 1 Questions And Answers Verified
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DNA ANS Deoxyribonucleic Acid; has H instead of OH- group on 2' of the 6-carbon ring; its
double-helix structure allows the hydrophobic nitrogenous bases to face away from water, and the
bases themselves hydrogen bond to each other. DNA is uber stable



RNA ANS



nucleotide ANS nucleic acid monomer, comprised of a phosphate group on 5' end and
nitrogenous base on 1' end of carbon ring



nucleic acid ANS



phosphodiester linkage ANS when the phosphate group on one nucleotide reacts with the
hydroxyl group on another one. this creates a bond with a phosphorus and two ester (diester) bonds!
funny how that works. (ester means an oxygen bonded to two other groups)



antiparallel ANS the DNA chains run in opposite directions (one side going 5'-3' and the other,
3'-5')


3' ANS the end of a chain with the hydroxyl group (carbon #6); this is the growing end



5' ANS the end of a chain with the phosphate group (carbon #5) Conventionally, it's written as 5'-
3' (DNA/RNA is also synthesized in the direction); this is the terminal end



complementary base-pairs ANS Guanine goes with Cytosine, and Adenine with thymine. These
bases hydrogen bone with each other at the exact right distance (e.g. two purines would overlap).



central dogma of molecular biology ANS DNA--(transcribed into)-->RNA---(translated to)---
>proteins

,RNA v. DNA stability ANS RNA has an second, relatively-highly-reactive OH-group



ANS



ANS



ANS



ANS



ANS



ANS



AMINO ACIDS ANS



chemical evolution ANS monomers in the prebiotic soup polymerized to form larger and more
complex molecules, such as the proteins and other types of macromole- cules found in organisms.
This is a difficult step, because mono- mers such as amino acids do not spontaneously self-assemble
into macromolecules such as proteins.



amino groups/amines ANS acts as a base



carboxyl groups ANS eg. carboxylic acids



carbonyl groups ANS aldehydes especially react to produce larger molecules; has C=O bond



hydroxyl ANS (OH group), highly polar, soluble in water, weak acid

, phosphate ANS linked together, these store a lot of potential energy due to the electrons on the
phosphate groups crowding (electron repulsion)



sulfhydryl ANS thiols; when present in proteins, can form S-S bonds to form proteins



ANS



ANS



ANS



ANS



PROTEINS AND ENZYMES ANS



macromolecule ANS a very large molecule made up of smaller molecules joined together (aka
polymers)



Why R-groups are important ANS They enable tertiary structure - R group interactions cause
further folding (after secondary structures have formed) and contribute to the overall globular protein
shape. Also they are what make each amino acid different



molecular chaperones ANS proteins that facilitate folding in cells- part of the heat-shock proteins



heat-shock proteins ANS produced after cells experience high temperatures/anything that undos
tertiary structure. they bind to hydrophobic patches that otherwise wouldn't be exposed; allows
proteins to re-fold



saturation kinetics ANS even with increased substrate amounts, active sites of enzymes can only
take a certain maximum of substrates in a reaction at the fastest rate that they can

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