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NR507 Week 7 Quiz Study Guide

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NR507

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NR507

Acute complications of diabetes mellitus - answer-DKA (type 1) and HHS (type 2) avulsion - answer-fragment of bone connected to a ligament or tendon breaks off the main bone Bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa - answer-what they are and complications from study guide Causes of elevated li...

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NR507 WEEK 7 QUIZ STUDY GUIDE
Acute complications of diabetes mellitus - answer-DKA (type 1) and HHS (type 2)

avulsion - answer-fragment of bone connected to a ligament or tendon breaks off
the main bone

Bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa - answer-what they are and complications
from study guide

Causes of elevated liver function tests - answer-TYLENOL
portal hypertension
hepatic encephalopathy
ascites
jaundice
hepatitis
acute liver failure
cirrhosis

Many liver diseases cause increase in liver function tests (ALT and AST) because
of the release of cytoplasmic enzymes into the circulation when there is damage
to the hepatocyte.
-obstruction of bile canaliculi or ducts results in regurgitation of bile back into the
hepatic sinusoids and into the circulation (increased bill levels)

Causes of GERD - answer--loss of muscle tone in lower esophageal sphincter
(LES)
-conditions that increase the abdominal pressure
-impaired esophageal motility
-defective mucosal defense
-delayed gastric emptying
-reflux of gastric contents

Characteristics of gastric ulcers - answer--usually occur between 50-70 years of
age
-less common than duodenal ulcers
-increased risk of cancer!!
-develop in antral region of the stomach (near the acid-secreting mucosa of the
stomach body)
-primary defect in gastric ulcers is an abnormality that increases the mucosal
barrier's permeability to hydrogen ions. This is a vicious cycle. The damaged
mucosa liberates histamine which stimulates the increase of acid and
pepsinogen production, blood flow, and capillary permeability. The disrupted
mucosa becomes edematous and loses plasma proteins. And the destruction of
the small vessels causes bleeding

Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus - answer-Microvascular (damage to
capillaries including retinopathies, nephropathies, and neuropathies.
Macrovascular (damage to larger vessels, including coronary artery disease and
peripheral vascular and cerebral vascular disease)
Infections

, Classic signs of Type 1 diabetes mellitus and their causes - answer-Polydipsia:
water follows sugar (into blood) and out of cells, so body is dehydrated and
thirsty.
Polyuria: hyperglycemia acts as an osmotic diuretic
polyphagia: depletion of cellular stores of carbs, fats, and proteins so they are
hungry
weight loss: bc of fluid loss in osmotic diuresis and loss of body tissue as fat and
proteins are used as energy
fatigue: metabolic changes result in poor use of food products, contributing to
lethargy and fatigue; sleep loss from severe nocturia also contributes to fatigue

Classic signs of Type 2 Diabetes and their causes - answer-Recurrent infections:
high blood sugar is good medium for pathogen growth, impaired blood supply
hinders wound healing, and decline in immune protection
Genital pruritus: hyperglycemia and glycosuria favor fungal growth and candid
infections resulting in itching. more common in women
Visual changes: blurred vision occurs as water balance in the eye fluctuates
because of elevated blood glucose levels. diabetic retinopathy is another cause
of vision loss
Paresthesias: common manifestations of diabetic neuropathies
Fatigue: metabolic changes result in poor use of food products
Acanthosis nigricans: brown to black pigmentation in body folds associated with
insulin resistance

Clinical manifestations of gastric ulcers - answer-Pain (located in the upper
abdomen)
The pain occurs after eating (w/in the first hour after eating). Eating helps at
first. The food helps until the food moves into the duodenum. Pain happens when
the stomach is empty!! There is increased acid in stomach when empty and it
causes the pain

closed - answer-bone did not go through skin

comminuted - answer-two or more fragments (multiple breaks)

Complete - answer-break all the way through the bone

compound - answer-open between bone and skin (infection is problem) like an
open fracture

Diagnosing Rhabdomyolysis - answer-Creatine kinase, which is an enzyme found
in the skeletal muscles, the brain, and the heartMyoglobin in blood and urine,
which is a protein that's a byproduct of muscle breakdownPotassium, which is
another important mineral that may leak from injured bone and
musclesCreatinine in blood and urine, which is a breakdown product created by
muscle that's normally removed from the body by the kidneys

displaced - answer-fracture with one, both, or all fragments out of normal
alignment

Epicondylopathy - answer-Epicondylitis is inflammation of a tendon where it
attaches to a bone (at its origin).
It is also related to smoking, obesity and work activities that involve forceful or
repetitive cyclic flection

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