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NSG552 Psychopharmacology Exam 1 Prep – Questions With Solutions
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NSG552 Psychopharmacology Exam 1 Prep – Questions With Solutions
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NSG552 Psychopharmacology Exam 1 Prep – QuestionsWith Solutions
What are the 6 general principles of psychopharmacological treatment?
Right Ans - Safety
Tolerability
Efficacy
Practicality
Treatment accessibility
Treatment compliance
Pharmacokinetics Right Ans - How the drug moves in the body. (ex. Where
is it absorbed? How and where is it metabolized? Where is it excreted?)
Pharmacodynamics Right Ans - What the drug does to the body. (consider
mechanism of action)
Define First-generation antipsychotics Right Ans - Referred to as Typical
Antipsychotics. Most have strong bond with D2 receptors only, cause EPS
symptoms faster due to prolonged receptor dissociation, have more
dangerous side effect profiles, have been around longer, more effective at
treating positive symptoms, less expensive. (Ex. Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine,
Thioridazine, Fluphenazine)
Define Second-generation antipsychotics Right Ans - Referred to as
Atypical Antipsychotics. Most have a weak bond with D2 receptors and block
serotonin receptors leading to anti-depressive and anxiolytic effects. They
cause less EPS due to rapid receptor disassociation which leads to rapid
dopamine neurotransmission. Have less dangerous side effect profiles but can
cause metabolic syndromes, have been around shorter time, more expensive,
more effective at treating negative symptoms but can treat positive symptoms
as well, long-acting injections available for several of these. (Ex. Risperidone,
Clozapine, Quetiapine, Aripiprazole, Ziprasidone)
Extra Pyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Right Ans - Side effects caused by certain
antipsychotic medications, which include: involuntary or uncontrollable
movements. tremors. muscle contractions.
, Tardive dyskinesia Right Ans - A neurological disorder characterize by
involuntary movement of the face and jaw.
Upregulation Right Ans - Occurs through chronic use of antagonists which
causes an increase in the number of receptors, externalization of receptors,
and increased sensitivity of the receptors. Prolonged use of antagonist -> Up-
regulation of receptors -> Sudden withdrawal of antagonist -> increased
number of receptors and increased sensitivity of receptors *YOU MUST
GRADUALLY TAPER A DRUG TO AVOID BINDING TO ALL NEW RECEPTORS
FROM UPREGULATION
Down regulation Right Ans - Occurs by chronic exposure of agonists which
causes decreased number of receptors, internalization of receptors, and
decreased sensitivity of the receptors. Prolonged use of agonist -> down-
regulation of receptors -> decreased effectiveness of agonist mediated clinical
response.
You have two options:
1 Increase the drug dose OR 2 Switch to another drug(BEST OPTION)
Receptor profile Right Ans - The receptors that each drug binds to
(example, risperidone's receptor profile would like...
(a) Blockade of 5HT2A and D2 receptors
(b) High affinity for a1, a2, and H1 receptors)
Binding Right Ans - Refers to a drug metabolite or neurotransmitter
attaching to a receptor
Affinity Right Ans - refers to the "preference" or likelihood of a drug to bind
to a certain receptor. Linked to potency.
CYP450 Right Ans - A group of enzymes in the liver that metabolize
different drugs. There are six.
List the 7 CYP450 Enzymes Right Ans - (1) CYP1A2
(2) CYP2B6
(3) CYP2C9
(4) CYP2C19
(5) CYP2D6
(6) CYP3A4
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