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AP Chemistry Exam Review-Graded A
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AP Chemistry Exam Review-Graded Aatomic number - correct answer-The same as the number of protons in the nucleus of
an element; it is also the same as the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus of
an element when it is neutrally charged.
mass number - correct answer-The sum of an atom's neutrons and protons
isotopes - correct answer-Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons
Avogadro's number - correct answer-6.022×10²³ particles per one mole
Moles - correct answer-grams/molar mass
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) - correct answer-Pressure = 1 atm
Temperature = 273 K
Converting from moles to liters - correct answer-I mole of gas = 22.4 L
Moles and Solutions - correct answer-Moles = (molarity)(liters of solution)
percent composition (mass percents) - correct answer-The percent by mass of each
element that makes up a compound. It is calculated by dividing the mass of each
element or component in a compound by the total molar mass for the substance.
empirical formula - correct answer-- Represents the simplest ratio of one element to
another in a compound
- Start by assuming a 100 g sample
- Convert percentages to grams
- Convert grams into moles
- Divide each mole value by the lowest of the values
- These values become the subscripts
molecular formula - correct answer-- Determine the molar mass of the empirical formula
- Divide that mass into the molar mass
x = m/e
x = molar mass/ empirical mass
- Multiply all subscripts in the empirical formula by the value of x
,Aufbau principle - correct answer-States that when building up the electron
configuration of an atom, electrons are placed in orbitals, subshells, and shells in order
of increasing energy.
Pauli Exclusion Principle - correct answer-States that the two electrons which share an
orbital cannot have the same spin. One electron must spin clockwise, and the other
must spin counterclockwise.
Hund's Rule - correct answer-States that when an electron is added to a subshell, it will
always occupy an empty orbital if no one is available. Electrons always occupy orbitals
singly if possible and pair up only if no empty orbitals are available.
Coulomb's Law - correct answer-The amount of energy that an electron has depends on
its distance from nucleus of an atom. While on the exam, you will not be required to
mathematically calculate the amount of energy a given electron has, you should be able
to qualitatively apply Coulomb's Law.
Essentially, the greater the charge of the nucleus, the more energy an electron will
have.
Quantum Theory - correct answer-Max Planck figured out that electromagnetic energy
is quantized. That is, for a given frequency of radiation (or light), all possible energies
are multiples of a certain unit of energy, called a quantum (mathematically, that's E =
hv). So, energy changes do not occur smoothly but rather in small but specific steps.
Energy and Electromagnetic Radiation - correct answer-ΔE = hv = hc/λ
ΔE = energy change
h = Planck's constant, 6.626×10⁻³⁴ J∙s
v = frequency of the radiation
λ = wavelength of the radiation
c = the speed of light, 3.00×10⁸ m/s
Frequency and Wavelength - correct answer-c = λv
*Inversely proportional*
c = speed of light in a vacuum (2.998×10⁸ m/s)
λ = wavelength of the radiation
v = frequency of the radiation
ionization energy - correct answer-The amount of energy necessary to remove an
electron from an atom.
photoelectron spectra (PES) - correct answer-A chart of the amount of ionization energy
for all electrons ejected from a nucleus.
, The y-axis describes the relative number of electrons that are ejected from a given
energy level.
The x-axis shows the binding energy of those electrons.
Gases will most likely act as ideal under what conditions? - correct answer-High
temperature and low pressure
Energy Levels - correct answer-s-subshell holds two electrons
p-subshell holds six electrons
d-subshell holds 10 electrons
f-subshell holds 14 electrons
electron configuration - correct answer-The complete description of the energy level and
subshell that each electron on an element inhabits
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle - correct answer-States that it is impossible to know
both the momentum of an electron at a particular instant.
Atomic Radius Trends - correct answer-Atomic radius decreases across a period
Atomic radius increases down a group
Cations are smaller than their atoms
Ions are larger than their atoms
Ionization energy - correct answer-The energy required to remove an electron from an
atom.
Electronegativity - correct answer-Refers to how strongly the nucleus of an atom
attracts the electrons of other atoms in a bond.
Periodic Trends - correct answer-Across the periods
- atomic radius decreases
- ionization energy increases
- electronegativity increases
Down the periods
- atomic radius increases
- ionization energy decreases
- electronegativity decreases
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