Compare and contrast three basic types of AMR: intrinsic, physiological and genetic change. - ANSWERSIntrinsic:
- Some bacteria posses structural features that prevent a particular type of anti-microbial drug from working
- It is an inherent feature of the cell and does not change over time
...
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) (EXAM
2)100% Solved!!
Compare and contrast three basic types of AMR: intrinsic, physiological and genetic
change. - ANSWERSIntrinsic:
- Some bacteria posses structural features that prevent a particular type of anti-
microbial drug from working
- It is an inherent feature of the cell and does not change over time
Physiological:
- Transient
- Cells in a stationary phase (such as a biofilm) can enter Ann altered physiological
state that prevents them from being affected by antimicrobial drugs
- Antimicrobial cells mainly work on actively dividing cells, so they don't really work on
Persisters because they don't divide
- Genetic:
- Genetic Changes that allow cells to resist drug action
- Inherited by all subsequent generations of cells
- Can occur through spontaneous mutations or horizontal gene transfer
1. Lots of germs. A few are drug resistant.
2. Antibiotics kill bacteria causing the illness, as well as good bacteria protecting the
body from infection
3. The drug resistant bacteria are now allowed to grow and take over
4. Some bacteria give their drug-resistance to other bacteria, causing more problems
Describe 4 basic mechanisms of AMR caused by genetic change. What type of genetic
change is happening in each one? - ANSWERS1. Drugs can't enter the cell
2. Drugs are pumped out of the cell
3. Enzymes inactivate drug
4. Host target is mutated
How do bacteria gain spontaneous mutations? How does this contrast with horizontal
gene transfer? - ANSWERS- Spontaneous mutations: arise during normal DNA
replication. simple nucleotide substitutions or deletions made during normal
chromosomal replication can result in high levels of resistance
- Horizontal gene transfer occurs from already live bacteria to already live bacteria, but
spontaneous mutation occurs vertically through binary fission
Given that the mutation rate is low why does mutation still play an important role in the
development of antibiotic resistance? - ANSWERS- those mutations can have a
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