PCC4 final exam Questions And Answers With Verified Tests 100% Correct Answers
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Course
PCC4
Institution
PCC4
what cancers usually cause SCC in the cervical spine? - Answer--breast
-head/neck cancers
-lymphomas
-occasional lung
with SCC, what are the neuro deficits from? - Answer--spinal cord is compressed
-tumor/bone interrupts blood supply to cord
-compression of nerves
-permanent paralysis if lef...
PCC4 final exam
what cancers usually cause SCC in the cervical spine? - Answer--breast
-head/neck cancers
-lymphomas
-occasional lung
with SCC, what are the neuro deficits from? - Answer--spinal cord is compressed
-tumor/bone interrupts blood supply to cord
-compression of nerves
-permanent paralysis if left untreated
how is SCC diagnosed? - Answer--MRI
illustrates site of compression and degree of impingment
what is physical restraints? - Answer-any equipment that restricts freedom of movement
what do we need to make sure NOT to do during escalation? - Answer--become
emotionally involved
-engage in power struggles
-tell patient/family that you "know how they feel": get peer support workers to be able to
interact with the patient bc they often know how the pt. feels
-raise your voice/giving demands
-position yourself in a confrontational stance
-intimidate a hostile person
-belittle the patient
what are the signs of impending aggression? - Answer--hyperactivity
-defensive response when criticized
-intense eye contact or avoids eye contact
-frowning/grimacing
-clenching fists/waving arms
what are the subtle signs of aggression? - Answer--rapid breathing
-aggressive posture: leaning forward/appears tense
-loud, rapid talking
in what parts of the hospital is violence most frequent? - Answer--psych units: more
predictable
-ED: less predictable
-geriatric units
what comorbidities exist with violence? - Answer--PTSD
what is anger? - Answer--an emotional response to frustration
-threat to one's needs
-a challenge
what can suppressed anger lead to? - Answer--headaches
-CAD
-HTN
-gastric ulcers
-depression
-low self-esteem
what is aggression? - Answer--goal-directed action w/ intent to harm self or others
-can be verbal or physical
-person often has underlying feelings of inadequacy, insecurity, guilt, fear
who is at increased risk for aggression? - Answer--those with untreated mental health
conditions
-they are more likely to harm themselves/others
what are the stages of aggression? - Answer--preassaultive
-assaultive
-postassaultive
what are the risk factors for aggression? - Answer--Hx of aggression/violence
-poor coping skills
-mental health problems
-living in a violent environment
-limit setting by nurse: can be tricky!!
-drug/alcohol intoxication
what are the biological etiologies of violence? - Answer--damage to prefrontal cortex
(where control takes place)
-low serotonin
-predisposition (genetics, childhood development)
what are the psychological factors of violence? - Answer--behavioral theory
-social learning theory
what is the behavioral theory? - Answer--learned response through operant conditioning
-positive reinforcement
, -ex. child doesn't want to go to school > gets taken out of class and sent to office >
positive reinforcement bc he gets taken out of class and goes home (which is what the
child wants in the first place)
what is the social learning theory? - Answer--imitating others
-violence is seen as an acceptable way to resolve conflict with no consequences
-ex. child sees aggression at home/on tv and thinks it's an acceptable way to deal with
conflict
what are ways to protect yourself when taking care of patients who are
violent/aggressive? - Answer--safe clothes/jewelry
-have staff for backup
-only *1* person talking with patient
-don't stand in front of the doorway
-avoid "show of force"
-clear area of furniture and other patients
why do we only want 1 person talking with a violent person? - Answer-we don't want to
overwhelm/provoke the patient
why do we not want to stand in front of the doorway with aggressive patients? - Answer-
-this can make the patient feel trapped
-remember not to stand further from the doorway than what the patient is bc they could
block you in
what is meant by "avoid show of force"? - Answer--only 1 person interacting with the
patient
-keep security guards in the background unless needed during escalation
why do we need to clear furniture and other patients during escalation? - Answer--to
deny an audience
-to allow them to exit the confrontation safely
what is seclusion? - Answer-involuntary confinement alone in a room where the patient
is physically prevented from leaving
what do we need to make sure to do during deescalation? - Answer--respect personal
space
-demonstrate appropriate body language
-1 person interacts with patient
-speak slowly/calmly
-simple/direct requests: give 2 choices instead of 6
-set clear limits
-offer appropriate meds
-have security nearby
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