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2024 ADVANCED PATHOLOGY NR 507- FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 ADVANCED PATHOLOGY NR 507- FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 ADVANCED PATHOLOGY NR507- FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Angle of His - CORRECT ANSWERS- Creates a flap valve effect to prevent
reflux and makes gastro esophageal junction longer which increases the
pressure
NSAIDs effect on gastric system - CORRECT ANSWERS- decreases production
of prostaglandins = impacts the health of the stomach
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS- Gastrin-secreting tumor
associated with ulcers = increased stomach acid
signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Indigestion & epigastric pain (burning, gnawing or dull)
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) - CORRECT ANSWERS- A digestive
disease in which stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.
Obesity makes the angle of His a widened angle which decreases the
pressure at the gastro esophageal junction
big fatty meals and carbonation stretches the stomach out which thins out
the muscles around the stomach which decreases the pressure on the flap
valve
Hypotonic lower esophageal sphincter also allows reflux, as well as hiatal
hernia, gastroparesis, and obesity
heartburn and regurgitation are typical symptoms
chest pain, hoarseness, cough, asthma, and globus (lump in throat) are
atypical for classic GERD
Associated symptoms are dyspepsia, epigastric pain, bloating, belching, and
nausea
H.Pylori bacteria is associated with GERD
,Treatment of psoriasis - CORRECT ANSWERS- Moisturizers and emollients
are used to reduce itching and to help plaque removal.
Topical or immunosuppressive therapy to decrease the immune response
Ultraviolet (UV) phototherapy can be used to induce DNA damage in the
keratinocytes to stop their proliferation
A diagnosis of psoriasis may be made based on - CORRECT ANSWERS- the
distribution of the skin damage.
A tissue biopsy can be done to confirm the diagnosis by looking for classic
changes in the epidermal layers.
Psoriasis is - CORRECT ANSWERS- a chronic non-contagious autoimmune
disease that causes skin inflammation. It may also lead to other autoimmune
conditions like psoriatic arthritis. The rash may cause itching and silver
plaques.
Keratin is - CORRECT ANSWERS- a strong fibrous protein that allows
keratinocytes to protect themselves from being destroyed.
Keratinocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS- start their development at the lower
layer of the epidermis called the stratum basale
It is made of a small layer of small cuboidal to low columnar stem cells. That
continually divide and produce new keratinocytes. The new keratinocytes
migrate upward to form the other layers of the epidermis. As the
keratinocytes begin to mature in the stratum basale, they lose their ability to
divide and then move to the next layer,
Barrett's esophagus - CORRECT ANSWERS- caused by exposure to enzymes
coming from the stomach - stomach acid does not cause this - so can have
non-acid reflux Barrett's esophagus
diaphram - CORRECT ANSWERS- a muscle that separates the chest from the
abdominal cavity
also makes up the lower esophageal sphincter
The top 1/3 of the esophagus is ______________ muscle. - CORRECT ANSWERS-
skeletal muscle
the middle of the esophagus muscle is made up of...muscle - CORRECT
ANSWERS- skeletal and smooth muscle
,the bottom 1/3 of the esophagus is made up of....muscle - CORRECT
ANSWERS- smooth muscle
simple obstruction of the GI tract - CORRECT ANSWERS- result from the
blockage of the intestine.
Causes of simple obstructions include adhesions, hernias, tumors, or even
ingestion of inorganic objects that become lodged within the intestine.
intussusception, or the telescoping of the intestinal wall onto itself, is more
common in children less than 2 years of age,
surgical adhesions are more common in adults.
Ingestion of objects that result in simple obstructions are more common
during the toddler years.
Functional obstructions occur because of a lack of gut motility, such as
during a paralytic ileus
peptic ulcer disease - CORRECT ANSWERS- ulcer formation in the GI tract
that affects the lining of the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal
ulcer) or lower part of the esophagus (esophageal ulcer)
form due to gastric acid and pepsin and the breakdown of the stomach lining
Risk factors for developing PUD include:
NSAID use.
Age greater than 65 years.
Genetic predisposition.
Alcohol ingestion.
the role of the stomach - CORRECT ANSWERS- to liquify food by churning it
and using enzymes and acid to assist in the breakdown
pylorus - CORRECT ANSWERS- a muscle like structure that squeezes food
down into the duodenum
can become scarred and lead to obstruction with gastric ulcers
the mucosa layer of the stomach lining - CORRECT ANSWERS- secrets
mucosa rich in bicarbonate - it protects the lining of the stomach from acid
has gastric pits that contain parietal cells, chief cells, and G-cells
, parietal cells - CORRECT ANSWERS- secrete HCl (hydrochloric acid) and
intrinsic factor
chief cells - CORRECT ANSWERS- secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to
pepsin via the action of hydrochloric acid
G-cells - CORRECT ANSWERS- releases gastrin
submucosa - CORRECT ANSWERS- on top of mucosa
contains connective tissue, nerves, and vessels
Muscularis Externa - CORRECT ANSWERS- on top of the submucosa
three smooth muscle layers: aid in peristalysis
serosa - CORRECT ANSWERS- on top of muscularis externa
outer layer of connective tissue that connects to organs
Good and Bad key players in peptic ulcer disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Good: "defense system"
bicarb = coats and protects cells
prostaglandins = regulates perfusion to stomach and mucus to release
bicarb, controls acid amount secreted by parietal cells
Bad: "toxic system"
ulcer (H. Pylori, NSAIDs, etc) = acid penetrates mucosa = histamine released
= parietal cells release even more HCL acid = more stomach irritation
HCL acid via parietal cells + Pepsinogen via chief cells = pepsin
Heliobacter pylori - CORRECT ANSWERS- spiral shaped bacteria that is the
cause of most gastric ulcers
produces urease which breaks down urea = ammonia & carbon dioxide =
neutralizes acid and breaks down mucosa
spreads through oral/oral or oral/fecal
Gastric = eating food makes it worse (1-2hrs after), pain = dull & aching,
weightloss, sever: vomit = coffee grounds or frank red blood
Duodenal = eating food makes it better (3-4 hours after), wake in the middle
of night with pain, gnawing pain, severe: tarry dark stool
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