Oncology
Warning signs a person can have cancer
- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A sore that does not heal
- Unusual bleeding or discharge
- Thinking a lump in breast or other side
-Indigestion
- Obvious change in a wart or mole
- Nagging cough, hoarseness (Persistent cough)
Scree...
Oncology
Warning signs a person can have cancer
- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A sore that does not heal
- Unusual bleeding or discharge
- Thinking a lump in breast or other side
- Indigestion
- Obvious change in a wart or mole
- Nagging cough, hoarseness (Persistent cough)
Note: If question comes Note: If questions come
Hoarseness
- Nagging cough Cancer
Acute Chronic
Laryngospasm Cancer - Whooping cough Pertussis
Emergency - Barking cough Croup
Screening
1. Self-breast examination
- Monthly
- Menstruation 7 days after
- Post menopause (choose one day during the month, always the same day)
2. Clinical breast examination - 20 – 39 every 3 years
- ≥ 40 yearly
3. Pelvic exam - 20 – 39 every 3 years
- ≥ 40 yearly
, 4. Mammography - 20 – 39 every 3 years
- ≥ 40 yearly
5. Pap smear - 20 – 39 with high risk yearly If risk decrease every 3 years
- 20 – 39 with no risk Yearly
- ≥ 40 yearly
Note:
- Pap smear should not be done before 21 years old. Before 21 year, this test is not usually done.
- After 21 years of age, if patient is at high risk the doctor decided how often the test is done.
- Principal cause of cancer death in the USA is the Lung cancer in Male and Female
- Second cause of cancer in Female Breast cancer
Second cause of cancer in Male Prostate cancer
- Third cause of cancer in Male and Female Colon cancer
≥ 50 years Male and Female
6. Sigmoidoscopy every 5 years
Colonoscopy every 10 years
Note:
If patient has Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); Crohn’s disease, Colitis ulcers
Premalignant lesions Colonoscopy Yearly
7. Guaiac test (Blood occult fecal test) Yearly
Guaiac test False Positive (+) False Negative (-)
- Red meat - Vit C (Ascorbic acid)
- Beels
- Aspirin (ASA)
- Iron (Fe)
- Cranberry
, 8. Prostate > 50 years
PSA (Prostatic specific antigen) DRE (Digital rectal examination)
1st exam 2nd exam
Normal value: 0 – 4 PSA + DRE: both exams are done, although
the PSA is normal
Prostate abnormal - Hard
- Irregular Doctor will order Biopsy Positive diagnosis
- Painless
- Fixed
9. Testes self-examination
- Monthly Most common cancer 15 – 35 years old
- ≥ 12 years old Self-examination during or after warm shower
Testes warning signs
- Painless swallowing - Hard lump
- Fluid accumulation in the scrotum - Dull ache in the groin area
Test / Treatment of Larynx cancer Laryngoscopy Sedation
Note: The patient can’t eat anything until the gag reflex is present, to prevent aspiration
Laryngectomy
Partial Total
- Remove one vocal cord - Remove voice cords
- Patient can talk - Patient can’t talk
- Loss smell sensation
- Permanent stoma
Previous to surgery
- Stablish form of communication
Nursing intervention - Speech therapy /rehabilitation
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