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AHN 568 Module 1 Exam with Questions and Answers| Latest Update
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AHN 568 Module 1 Exam withQuestions and Answers| Latest Update
S1 is closure of what valves? - ✔✔S1 mitral & tricuspid closure (systole)
S2 is closure of what valves? - ✔✔S2 aortic & pulmonic valvue closes (diastole)
normal PMI diameter? - ✔✔1-2.5 cm
> 2.5 cm indicates left ventricle hypertrophy, or dilated cardiomyopathy from hypertension
what causes S3? and characteristics of S3? - ✔✔-its a diastolic sound. heard at apex
with bell.
-abrupt deceleration of blood inflow across mitral valve. called "VENTRICULAR GALLOP"
at mitral area.
-"kentucky" or "Slosh-ing-in", S3 gallop
-mostly pathologic in adults and normal in kids and young adults
-Ventricle is dilated beyond normal range caused by fluid overload in HF and this overloads the
atria.
-heard in left lateral decubitus position
S1, S2, S3
what is S4? Causes? sounds? heard where? - ✔✔-S4 is atrial gallop when atria try and
eject last 20% of blood out bc left venticle is stiff with decreased compliance. (vent
hypertrophy).
, -"Tennessee" or "a-stiff-wall".
-diastolic
-caused by increased left ventricle end diastolic stiffness and Hypertension
-heard with bell at apex at mitral area. louder in left lateral decubitus
position. S4, S1, S2
stenotic Mitral value has ? - ✔✔opening snap
when does S2 split? - ✔✔s2 splits on inspiration bc Aorta and pulmonic close at
different time. A 1st and then P.
Does S1 split? - ✔✔it might split but doesn't vary with respirations like S2.
where is Aortic valve heard? - ✔✔right 2nd ICS or cardiac apex. (pg 497 in book)
where is pulmonic valve heard? - ✔✔left 2nd-3rd ICS sternal border
where is tricuspid valve heard? - ✔✔lower left sternal
border left 3rd-4th ICS
where is mitral valve heard? - ✔✔left 5th MCL, at apex, "Apical point"
what is preload? what increases it? - ✔✔blood volume in RV at end of diastole.
increased by inspiration and increased blood volume.
What is afterload? - ✔✔peripheral vascular resistance against which the left ventricle
must pump
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