How does hypoalbuminemia affect the process of prescribing? - answer✔Low albumin = more
free drug (bc the drug can't bind to albumin aka protein) = increased adverse effects
What is a Black Box Warning: - answer✔is considered a contraindication to administer that
drug.
What is the drugs half-life? - answer✔Half-life specifically means the amount of time it takes for
an administered drug to be halfway cleared from the system.
Peak of action: - answer✔the time between drug administration and maximum concentration
of drug in the blood stream. Best therapeutic effect.
Duration of action: - answer✔the time between onset of action and metabolism of drug below
the minimum needed for an effect. The length of time you have the drug in your system.
According to the WHO what is the first step in the prescribing process? - answer✔The first step
is to define the patient's problem
The second step is to - answer✔specify the therapeutic objective
The third step is to - answer✔choose which drug or treatment is needed.
Step 4 of the WHO approach: - answer✔Start the treatment
Step 5 of the WHO approach: - answer✔Educate the patient
Step 6 of the WHO approach: - answer✔Monitor the treatment
Phase 1 of drug development: - answer✔The drug is tested on healthy volunteers
Phase 2 of drug development: - answer✔trials with people who have the disease for which the
drug is thought to be effective
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Phase 3 of drug development: - answer✔Large numbers of patients in medical research centers
receive the drug in phase 3. This larger sampling provides information about infrequent or rare
adverse effects. The FFA will approve a new drug application if phase 3 studies are satisfactory.
Phase 4 of drug development: - answer✔This phase is voluntary and involves postmarket
surveillance of the drug's therapeutic effects at the completion of phase 3. The pharmaceutical
company receives reports from doctors and other health care professionals about the
therapeutic results and adverse effects of the drug. Some medications, for example, have been
found to be toxic and have been removed from the market after their initial release.
Explain first pass metabolism - answer✔much of the drug is lost in the absorption process. The
liver metabolizes many drugs, thus reduces the bioavailabilty of the drug.
What is the fasted route of absorption: - answer✔The fastest route of absorption is inhalation,
and not as mistakenly considered the IV administration.
Why does the GI tract take longer to absorb? - answer✔The GI tract is lined with epithelial cells;
drugs must permeate through these cells in order to be absorbed into the circulatory system.
What is One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a given drug? -
answer✔the cell membrane. Cell membranes are essentially lipid bilayers which form a
semipermeable membrane. Pure lipid bilayers are generally permeable only to small and
uncharged solutes, hence whether or not a molecule is ionized will affect its absorption, since
ionic molecules are charged.
What is solubility? - answer✔Solubility favors charged species, permeability favors neutral
species. Some molecules have special exchange proteins and channels to facilitate movement
from the lumen into the circulation.
Why does absorption occur at a slower rate for oral, IM, SQ routes? - answer✔Absorption
occurs at a slower rate because the complex membrane systems of GI mucosal layers, muscle,
and skin delay drug passage.
The ability of a drug to cross a cell membrane depends on: - answer✔whether the drug is water
or lipid (fat) soluble. Lipid-soluble drugs easily cross through cell membranes; water-soluble
drugs can't. Lipid-soluble drugs can also cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain.
As a drug travels through the body, it comes in contact with? - answer✔proteins such as the
plasma protein albumin. The drug can remain free or bind to the protein. The portion of a drug
that's bound to a protein is inactive and can't exert a therapeutic effect. Only the free, or
unbound, portion remains active. A drug is said to be highly protein-bound if more than 80% of
the drug is bound to protein.
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