Class notes
BIOS 1030 The Nervous System Lecture Notes
- Course
- BIOS 1030
- Institution
- Ohio University
This is a comprehensive and detailed lecture note on the nervous system for Bios 1030. An Essential Study Resource!!
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Bios 1030 The Nervous systemParaphrased from Human Biology, by Mader and Windelspecht,
2016, McGraw Hill, New York
Dr. Kitty Copy
Nervous system
I. Functions:
Receive sensory input like pain, process & integrate, the
incoming information, generate motor output like move your
hand away from hot stove
II. Anatomy
A.Nervous tissue: contains neurons that conduct impulses
b. Neuroglial cells service the neurons
C.Anatomy of a neuron: see figure 14.2
1,sensory neurons: take information from sensory receptors
such as pain, touch, heat,cold to the either central nervous
system brain or spinal cord which contain interneurons
2. Motor neurons: take info from the brain or spinal cord
(CNS) to effectors such as muscles to move away from
pain source or glands (may need to release hormones etc)
to maintain homeostasis
The dendrites receive info and axons, conduct or deliver
the message
Long axons are covered by a myelin sheath to help conduct
the nerve impulse. It helps with nerve regeneration in the
peripheral system.
MS or multiple sclerosis is a disease where the myelin
breaks down thereby interrupting nervous system function
A. Impulse conduction in nerves
1. Resting potential: when the axon is NOT conducting a
nerve impulse, the inside is negatively charged in regard
to the outside. There is a sodium-potassium pump that
, actively pumps sodium out and potassium in and the
outside is more positive than the inside
2. See figure 14.3
Action potential: As the nerve signal occurs, there is a
rapid change in polarity with sodium flowing in
(depolarization) creating an action potential; then
potassium flows in and the action potential ends creating
repolarization
In neurons that are myelinated, the action potential only
occurs at nodes of Ranvier see figure 14.2 jumping from
one node to the other making it very fast for the nervous
impulse to travel or conduct
This is known as salutatory conduction
E.The central nervous system
Consists of brain and spinal cord see figure 14.6
Function: Where sensory information is received and
motor control is initiated
Both the spinal cord and brain are protected by bone as
seen in last lecture and wrapped in meninges protective
coverings.
What is meningitis: viral or bacterial infection of
meninges
Very contagious and can be fatal
Spaces between the meninges are filled with cerebrospinal
fluid to cushion and protect brain and spinal cord
This fluid can be taken during a spinal tap to diagnose
meningitis and other problems
1. Brain tissue: made from gray matter contains cells
bodies and nonmyelinated fibers and white matter
containing myelinated axons
The brain contains ventricles which are reservoirs for
cerebrospinal fluid
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