BIO 94 FINAL Questions and Answers
proximate causation
HOW behavior occurs (genetic, neural, hormonal mechanisms, etc.)
ultimate causation
WHY behavior occurs (evolutionary history and function)
batesian mimicry
a harmless species that copies phenotypes of species that is protecte...
BIO 94 FINAL Questions and Answers
proximate causation - answer HOW behavior occurs (genetic, neural, hormonal
mechanisms, etc.)
ultimate causation - answer WHY behavior occurs (evolutionary history and function)
batesian mimicry - answer a harmless species that copies phenotypes of species
that is protected
what are the two kinds of messages? - answer signals and signs (cues)
signals - answer behavioral, morphological and physiological traits fashioned and
maintained by NS because they convey information to other organisms
what are the two types of signals? - answer honest and deceptive
honest signal - answer reliable signals contain correct/useful information
deceptive signal - answer contain false/misleading information
communication networks have 2 categories of participants, what are they? - answer
sender and receiver
deceitful signals - answer stable if receivers typically benefit from responding to them
why did signals evolve? - answer to benefit the sender
what are the two types of sexual selection? - answer intrasexual and intersexual
intersexual selection - answer individuals vary in attractiveness to opposite sex
- chooses the mate
intrasexual selection - answer individuals vary in their ability to compete with
members of their own sex
-compete for mates
Parental investment (PI) - answer any investment in individual offspring tat increases
chances that offspring will survive/reproduce, while decreasing parent's ability to invest
in additional offspring
what do the parental investments invest in? - answer time, nutrition, resources
do males of females have a greater PI? - answer typically females
,what are the consequences of parental investment for sexual selection? - answer -
population sex ratios ten towards 1:1 (balancing selection)
- sex with a greater PI is a limiting resource for the sex with lower PI
consequences of PI for SS - answer the sex with greater PI (female) is a limiting
resource for the sex with lower PI (male)
- greater male-male competition for mates
- greater benefit for females to be choosy of mates
General patterns of PI - answer 1) Higher PI --> low potential reproductive rate -->
exercise choice of mates --> improve fitness by QUALITY of mates
2) Lower PI --> high potential reproductive rate --> compete for mates --> improve
fitness by quantity of mates
What happens when males have a higher PI than females? - answer competition
among females rather than the other way around
What happens when males control the resources? - answer - lack of female control
over mate choice
- intense male-male competition
What are some signals used to attract mates? - answer 1) advertisements of
resources
- may increase # of offspring female produces
2) advertisements of genetic quality: bright colors, long plumes, etc.
- may increase quality of offspring female produces
- ambiguity of signal function
population ecology - answer study of how and why population size changes over
time
what is a species' range? - answer it's its geographic distribution
- dynamic
- influenced by biotic and abiotic factors
population density - answer ##/ unit area
- density varies over range
,demography - answer study factors that determine population size/ structure over
time
what are the key factors of demography? - answer -birth
-death
-immigration
-emigration
life table - answer summary of probability that female survives and reproduces over
any interval of time
-used to describe and predict population dynamics
Why do life table analyses focus on females rather than males? - answer because
the number of males in a population has less influence on population dynamics
age class (x) - answer group of individuals of a specific age (0,1,2,3, etc.) where
numbers refers to days, weeks, years)
what are the components of a life table? - answer - age class (x)
- number of survivors (Nx)
-survivorship (lx)
survivorship - answer proportion of individuals (females) that survives to a particular
age
how many types of survivorship curves are there? - answer 3
what are the three types of survivorship curves? - answer - type I
- type II
-type III
age- specific fucundity (mx) - answer average # daughters produced by a female in
each age class
life history - answer description of sequence of events from conception to death,
including resource allocation to survival, growth, and reproduction
- resources are finite
- form a continuum
-fecundity vs. survivorship
what are the competing demands? - answer growth, survival, reproduction
, increased allocation to reproduction lead to what? - answer reduced survival
high fecundity organisms - answer -grow quickly
-mature at young age
-produce many small eggsor seeds
high survivorship organism - answer - grow slowly
-invest time/ energy in survival and competitive ability
population growth - answer when birth + immigration > deaths + emigration
when does exponential growth occur? - answer if r is constant > 0
- when a few individuals found a new population
how many types of exponential growths are there? - answer two
what are the types of exponential growth? - answer - exponential growth followed by
crash
-exponential growth followed by leveling off
logistic growth - answer as N -> K, population growth rate -> 0
carrying capacity (K) - answer the maximum number of individuals that can be
supported over a sustained period of time
- K varies with biotic and abiotic conditions
- K changes over time
population size is impacted by what? - answer density independent factors (abiotic)
density- dependent factors (biotic)
density- independent factors - answer - abiotic
-weather
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