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Samenvatting Grondslagen van de biologie H1-H4
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GRONDSLAGEN VAN DEBIOLOGIE H1-H4
Academiejaar ’23 – ‘24
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
H1: DE CEL ................................................................................................................................... 1
CELTHEORIE .................................................................................................................................... 1
PROKARYOTE CELLEN ...................................................................................................................... 1
EUKARYOTE CELLEN ........................................................................................................................ 1
CELKERN (NUCLEUS) .................................................................................................................. 2
BASIS VAN DE GENETICA .......................................................................................................................... 2
RIBOSOMEN ................................................................................................................................ 3
PROCES VAN TRANSLATIE ........................................................................................................................ 3
ENDOMEMBRANAIR SYSTEEM ...................................................................................................... 4
ENDOPLASMATISCH RETICULUM (ER) ....................................................................................................... 4
GOLGI APPARAAT ..................................................................................................................................... 4
LYSOSOMEN ............................................................................................................................................ 4
MICROBODIES ............................................................................................................................ 5
VACUOLEN.................................................................................................................................. 5
MITOCHONDRIA .......................................................................................................................... 5
CHLOROPLASTEN ....................................................................................................................... 6
MITOCHONDRIA EN CHLOROPLASTEN ........................................................................................ 6
CYTOSKELET ............................................................................................................................... 6
EXTRACELLULAIRE STRUCTUREN................................................................................................. 7
OVERZICHT ...................................................................................................................................... 7
ALLE LEVENDE ORGANISMEN DELEN GEMEENSCHAPPELIJKE FUNDAMENTELE EIGENSCHAPPEN . 10
H2: VIRUSSEN ............................................................................................................................. 11
VIRALE VORMEN ............................................................................................................................ 11
VIRALE GENOMEN .......................................................................................................................... 11
BACTERIOFAGEN – BACTERIËLE VIRUSSEN ..................................................................................... 12
2 REPRODUCTIEVE CYCLI ...........................................................................................................12
VIRALE ZIEKTES VAN DE MENS ........................................................................................................ 13
INFLUENZA VIRUS ......................................................................................................................13
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) ..................................................................................14
BEHANDELING ........................................................................................................................................15
VIRUSSEN EN KANKER ................................................................................................................15
OPKOMENDE VIRUSSEN .............................................................................................................15
PRIONS EN VIRIODS ....................................................................................................................... 16
OVERZICHT .................................................................................................................................... 16
H3: PROKARYOTEN ...................................................................................................................... 17
FUNDAMENTELE VERSCHILLEN TUSSEN PROKARYOTEN EN EUKARYOTEN ..................................... 17
VERSCHILLEN TUSSEN BACTERIA EN ARCHAEA .............................................................................. 18
CLASSIFICEREN VAN PROKARYOTEN .............................................................................................. 18
1STE CLASSIFICATIE VAN PROKARYOTEN O.B.V. EIGENSCHAPPEN................................................18
MOLECULAIRE CLASSIFICATIE ....................................................................................................18
CELSTRUCTUUR............................................................................................................................. 19
DE BACTERIËLE CELWAND .........................................................................................................19
EXTERNE LAGEN, STRUCTUREN ..................................................................................................20
INTERNE STRUCTUREN ...............................................................................................................20
GENETICA BIJ PROKARYOTEN ......................................................................................................... 21
TRANSFORMATIE ........................................................................................................................21
, TRANSDUCTIE ............................................................................................................................21
CONJUGATIE ..............................................................................................................................22
F PLASMIDE TRANSFER ............................................................................................................................22
RECOMBINATIE TUSSEN F PLASMIDE EN GASTHEER CHROMOSOOM .......................................................23
MUTATIES ...................................................................................................................................23
METABOLISME VAN PROKARYOTEN ................................................................................................ 24
BACTERIËLE ZIEKTEN BIJ DE MENS .................................................................................................. 24
TUBERCULOSIS ..........................................................................................................................25
TANDBEDERF .............................................................................................................................25
MAAGZWEER ..............................................................................................................................25
CHLAMYDIA ...............................................................................................................................25
VOORDELIGE PROKARYOTEN ......................................................................................................... 26
H4: PROTISTEN ............................................................................................................................ 27
ONTSTAAN VAN EUKARYOTEN ........................................................................................................ 27
MITOCHONDRIËN EN CHLOROPLASTEN IN EURKARYOTEN .........................................................28
EVOLUTIE VAN MITOSE ...............................................................................................................28
OVERZICHT VAN PROTISTEN........................................................................................................... 28
EXCAVATA ..................................................................................................................................29
DIPLOMONADA .......................................................................................................................................29
VOORBEELD: GIARDIA LAMBLIA...........................................................................................................30
PARABASALIA ..........................................................................................................................................30
VOORBEELDEN: TRICHOMONADA .......................................................................................................30
EUGLENOZOA .........................................................................................................................................30
EUGLENOÏDA ......................................................................................................................................30
KINETOPLASTIDA ................................................................................................................................31
VOORBEELD: TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI GAMBIENSE (CYCLUS BINNEN TSEETSEEVLIEG)....................31
VOORBEELD: TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI (CYCLUS BINNEN MENS) ......................................................31
VOORBEELD: TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI (CYCLUS BINNEN RESERVOIRDIER) ......................................32
SAR ............................................................................................................................................32
ALVEOLATA .............................................................................................................................................32
DINOFLAGELLATEN .............................................................................................................................32
APICOMPLEXA ....................................................................................................................................33
VOORBEELD: PLASMODIUM ............................................................................................................33
VOORBEELD: TOXOPLASMA GONDII................................................................................................34
CILIATA ...............................................................................................................................................34
AMOEBOZOA ..............................................................................................................................35
AMBOEDA - RHIZOPODA ..........................................................................................................................35
OPISTHOKONTA .........................................................................................................................36
CHOANOFLAGELLIDA..............................................................................................................................36
OVERZICHT .................................................................................................................................... 36
, H1: DE CEL
CELTHEORIE
• Ontdekt in 1665 door Robert Hooke
• 1ste studies op cellen uitgevoerd door Mathias Schleiden (1838)/Theodor Schwann (1839)
• Theorie
o Alle organismen zijn samengesteld uit cellen
o Cellen zijn kleinste levende eenheid
o Cellen ontstaan alleen uit al bestaande cellen
à Alle vandaag levende cellen vormen continue lijn van afstammelingen vanuit
eerst levende cellen
• Celgrootte is gelimiteerd à als celgrootte toeneemt, duurt het langer voor inkomend of
uitkomend materiaal om te diffunderen van celmembraan tot binnen in cel
• Cellen worden meestal alleen waargenomen met microscopen en na specifieke kleuring
o Lichtmicroscopen onderscheiden structuren die 200nm van elkaar liggen
o Elektronenmicroscopen onderscheiden structuren die 0,2nm van elkaar
liggen
• Alle cellen hebben bepaalde structuren gemeen
o Genetisch materiaal: in kern of nucleus (nucleoid of kernzone)
o Cytoplasma = semi vloeibare matrix binnen cel (cytosol en organellen)
o Plasmamembraan = dubbele fosfolipide laag rond cytoplasma (eiwitten en
cholesterol)
PROKARYOTE CELLEN
• Geen echte kern, genetisch materiaal aanwezig in nucleoid
• Cytoplasma
• Plasmamembraan (soms organel-achtige functies) en celwand
• Ribosomen
• Geen membraan-omgeven organellen
• Eenvoudig cytoskelet
• Roterend flagellum à beweging
• 2 typen
o Archaea: geen peptidoglycaan in celwand
o Bacteria: celwand bestaat uit peptidoglycaan à gram positief (veel) en gram
negatief (weinig)
• Studie van prokaryoten = microbiologie
EUKARYOTE CELLEN
• Membraan-omgeven nucleus
• Complexer dan prokaryote cellen
• Cellulaire functies gecompartimentalizeerd in organellen en endomembranair systeem
• Cytoskelet voor steun en behoud van celstructuur
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