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NUR 426 - Exam 3 fully solved & verified for accuracy
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NUR 426 - Exam 3 fully solved & verified for accuracy
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NUR 426 - Exam 3 fullysolved & verified for
accuracy 2025-2026
Define Epidemiology - answer The study of diseases and factors that affect
the health and illness of a population
Historical :Briefly explain who John Snow was, and why is he important to
Epidemiology - answer Identified the Broad Street pump as the source of a
cholera epidemic in London.
Resulted in:
- Improved sanitation
- Disease mapping: frequency distribution of deaths, location of deaths,
patterns of deaths
List at least 3 phases of epidemiology in ORDER - answer 1. Sanitation
2. infectious
2. risk factors
Define and if applicable, provide an example of :What are 4 common
modifiable Risk Factors: - answer poor nutrition, low physical activity,
tobacco, alcohol use
Behavioral Risk Factors - answer
Environmental Risk Factors - answer - safe air quality
- safe water
- safe soil
,Genetic Risk Factors (Genomics) - answer heritability of factors that have
an impact on the development of illness and disease
List the 3 constants that are Foundational for any epi investigation: -
answer Person
Place
Time
FRAME WORKS List and describe 3 epidemiological Frame works: - answer
- Epidemiological triangle: host, agent, environment (applied to all
diseases)
- Web of causation: Complexity of how illness, disease, and injury are
determined by multiple causes affected by interactions of biological and
sociobehavioral determinants of health
- Ecological model: Design health promotion interventions, Understand
health behavior, Include groups as a unit of analysis
List and briefly describe the 7 questions used in Epi investigation - answer
Who, what, when, where, why, how, how long?
- analyzes illness at a population level
- determines interventions
- naturalistic experiment
What is Herd immunity - answer - Greater population protected (vaccine)
- Protects those who cannot be vaccinated or choose not to be
Define Causality: List and briefly describe Demography and Biostatistics -
answer - causality: stimulus/action that results in an effect/outcome,
determines if a statistical relationship exists between risk factor and
health effect
- demography: person-related variables are compared over two or more
time periods to establish trends within the population of interest
- biostatistics: The analysis of data related to human organisms, Used in
public health science and other biological sciences, Examines variations
among biological organisms
, Chronic care model focus - answer Occurs across the continuum of the
disease with a focus on care over time, reframes NCD care within a long
term management. Both secondary and tertiary prevention strategies.
COPD, HTN, diabetes
Describe Epidemic /Pandemic/Endemic - answer - Eip: significant increase
in disease
- End: numbers of diseases within a population
- Pan: outbreaks around the world
What are the vectors or agents that transmit disease from reservoirs to
the host - answer 1. Bacteria
2. Rickettsia
3. Viruses
4. Mycoses
5. Protozoa
6. Helminths
7. Arthropods
- Vectors are usually insects that carry the disease from the reservoir to
humans
- Fomite is an inanimate object
DESCRIBE how to control the spread of disease - answer 1) changing the
environment
2) deactivating the agent
3) increasing host resistance
What is the web of causation - answer Complexity of how illness, disease,
and injury are determined by multiple causes affected by interactions of
biological and sociobehavioral determinants of health. This is the best
framework for a PHN to use to understand multiple risk factors.
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