NSG 533 EXAM 3
1. Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF): - At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
2. according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"?: - do not haveHF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
3. according to the universal definition, what is "HF": - clinical syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
4. who is most at risk for HF: black males and females; older women
5. two biggest causes of HF: 1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
6. calculate EF: SV/LVEDV
7. synonym for inotropy: contraction (HFrEF)
8. synonym for lusitropy: relaxation (HFpEF)
9. two organizations for classification of HF: 1. American Heart Assocation(A,B,C,D) - based
on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical activitylimitations
, 10. how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF: cardiac dysfunc-tion has
structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have HF
11. compensatory mechanisms for HF: 1. Hemodynamics (Frank Starling Law) - can give
inotropes as short term use to increase contractility (long-term can causemortality)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction)
12. two types of angiotensin II: 1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
13. effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF: - causes vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
14. are aldosterone levels high or low in HF?: 20x higher than normal
15. effects of aldosterone on HF: - increases sodium and water reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
16. list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease: - dyslipi-demia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
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