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TEST BANK For Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care, 6th Edition by Brian K. Walsh, All Chapters 1 - 42, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care, 6th Edition by Brian K. Walsh, All Chapters 1 - 42, Complete A+ Guide Newest Version ISBN:9780323793094 Instant Pdf Download
Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care 6th Edition Test Bank by Brian K. Walsh
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, Chapter 1: Fetal Lung Development Test Bank 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
MULTIPLE CHOICE 9i
1. Which of the following phases of human lung development is characterized by the
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formation of a capillary network around airway passages?
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a. Pseudoglandular
b. Saccular
c. Alveolar
d. Canalicular
ANS: D 9i
The canalicular phase follows the pseudoglandular phase, lasting from approximately 17 weeks t
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o 26 weeks of gestation. This phase is so named because of the appearance of vascular channels,
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or capillaries, which begin to grow by forming a capillary network around the air passages.
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During the pseudoglandular stage, which begins at day 52 and extends to week 16 of gestation, t
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he airway system subdivides extensively and the conducting airway system develops, ending wit
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h the terminal bronchioles. The saccular stage of development, which takes place from weeks 29
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to 36 of gestation, is characterized by the development of sacs that later become alveoli.
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During the saccular phase, a tremendous increase in the potential gas-
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exchanging surface area occurs. The distinction between the saccular stage and the alveolar stag
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e is arbitrary. The alveolar stage stretches from 39 weeks of gestation to term. This stage is repr
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esented by the establishment of alveoli.
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REF: pp. 3-5 9i 9i
2. Regarding postnatal lung growth, by approximately what age do most of the alveoli that
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will be present in the lungs for life develop?
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a. 6 months 9i
,b. 1 year 9i
c. 1.5 years 9i
d. 2 years 9i
ANS: C 9i
Most of the postnatal formation of alveoli in the infant occurs over the first 1.5 years of life. At 2
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years of age, the number of alveoli varies substantially among individuals. After 2 years of age,
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males have more alveoli than do females. After alveolar multiplication ends, the alveoli continue
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to increase in size until thoracic growth is completed.
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REF: p. 6 9i 9i
3. The respiratory therapist is evaluating a newborn with mild respiratory distress due to
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tracheal stenosis. During which period of lung development did this problem develop?
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a. Embryonal
b. Saccular
c. Canalicular
d. Alveolar
ANS: A 9i
The initial structures of the pulmonary tree develop during the embryonal stage. Errors in develop
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ment during this time may result in laryngeal, tracheal, or esophageal atresia or stenosis. Pulmonar
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y hypoplasia, an incomplete development of the lungs characterized by an abnormally low number
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and/or size of bronchopulmonary segments and/or alveoli, can develop during the pseudoglandula
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r phase. If the fetus is born during the canalicular phase (i.e., prematurely), severe respiratory distre
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ss can be expected because the inadequately developed airways, along with insufficient and immat
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ure surfactant production by alveolar type II cells, gives rise to the constellation of problems know
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n as infant respiratory distress syndrome.
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, REF: p. 6 9 i 9i
4. Which of the following mechanisms is (are) responsible for the possible association
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between oligohydramnios and lung hypoplasia?
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I. Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism 9i 9i
II. Mechanical restriction of the chest wall 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
III. Interference with fetal breathing 9i 9i 9i
IV. Failure to produce fetal lung liquid 9i 9i 9i 9i 9i
a. I and III only
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b. II and III only
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c. I, II, and IV only
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d. II, III, and IV only
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ANS: D 9i
Oligohydramnios, a reduced quantity of amniotic fluid present for an extended period of time, wi
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th or without renal anomalies, is associated with lung hypoplasia. The mechanisms by which am
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antity of amniotic fluid include mechanical restriction of the chest wall, interference with fetal bre
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athing, or failure to produce fetal lung liquid. These clinical and experimental observations possi
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bly point to a common denominator, lung stretch, as being a major growth stimulant.
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REF: pp. 6-7 9i 9i
5. What is the purpose of the substance secreted by the type II pneumocyte?
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