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Recrystallization - ANSWERSto further purify crystals in soln. Dissolve product in min amount of hot solvent and let it recrystallize as it cools. Solvent is one that the product is soluble in only at high temperatures. When the soln cools, only the desired product will recrystallize out of ...

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  • December 2, 2024
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  • recrystallization
  • junes ultimate mcat study guide part 1 questions
  • junes ultimate mcat study guide part 1 stuvia
  • ion exchange chromatography

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June's Ultimate MCAT Study Guide Part
1 Questions & Answers
Recrystallization - ANSWERSto further purify crystals in soln.

Dissolve product in min amount of hot solvent and let it recrystallize as it cools.

Solvent is one that the product is soluble in only at high temperatures. When the soln
cools, only the desired product will recrystallize out of soln, excluding the impurities. bc
the product cannot remain in this cooled version of solvent.

aka the other impurities will still be dissolved in this solvent

ion-exchange chromatography - ANSWERScoat beads w charged substances to
attract/bind compounds of opp charge.

Ex: Use + compound to hold the negative backbone of DNA or protein as it passes
through the column to inc retention time or completely retain it.

After all other compounds have moved through, use a salt gradient to elute the charged
stuck molecules.

DNA polymerase epsilon - ANSWERSleading strand synthesis, high fidelity, DNA repair

5' to 3' synthesizing of incoming nucleotides (5' dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP). As each
new phosphodiester bond is made, a free pyrophosphate PPi is released.

Eukaryotic: DNA polym alpha, delta, epsilon work together to synthesize both the
leading and lagging strand.

DNAPolymdelta and epsilon are helped by PCNA protein: it assembles into a trimer to
form the sliding clamp

affinity chromatography - ANSWERSbind protein of interest by creating a column w high
affinity for that protein.

,1. To retain the protein in the column, coat beads w a receptor that binds the protein or
specific antibody to the protein.
2. Then elute by washing the column w a free receptor (or target or antibody). It
competes w the bead-bound receptor and frees the protein from the column.
- But the recovered substance can be bound to the eluent. If eluent is an inhibitor of an
enzyme, it can difficult to remove.

Stationary phase molecules include nickel (separate genetically engineered proteins w
histidine tags), antibodies or antigens, and enzyme substrate analogues (which mimic
the natural substrate for an enzyme of interest).

Can create eluents by varying pH or salinity level to disrupt the bonds entre the ligand
and protein of interest.

size exclusion chromatography - ANSWERSbeads in column have tiny pores of various
sizes. Small compounds will enter the pores and thus slow down. Large compounds
can't fit so they elute through faster.

Protein purification: use ion-exchange column and then a size-exclusion column.

PCNA protein - ANSWERSassists DNA polym delta and epsilon.

It assembles into a trimer, forms the sliding camp, which strengthens the interaction
entre these DNA polymerases and the template strand

DNA Gyrase - ANSWERSFOR prokaryotes: A DNA type 2 topoisomerase: makes
double strand breaks to remove twist in DNA, reduce supercoiling and torque strain
ahead of the replication forks. uses ATP.

achieved status - ANSWERSa social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects
personal ability and effort

ascribed status - ANSWERSa status into which one is born; involuntary status

master status - ANSWERSa status that has special importance for social identity, often
shaping a person's entire life

distillation - ANSWERSuse diff in boiling points to separate two liquids by evaporation
and condensation. Use low heating temp. This is used to make liquor in a distillery:
ethanol boils at a lower temp than water.

The lower bp liquid vaporizes first, rises up the distillation column (the condensate),
then condenses in a water-cooled condenser. The end product is the distillate.

,fractional distillation - ANSWERSTo separate liquids with similar bp. less than 25 C
apart.

A fractionation column connects the distillation flask to the condenser.

Fractional column: column where the surface area is increased by inclusion of inert
objects like glass beads or steal wool. As the vapor rises, it will condense on the
surfaces, reflux, but then evaporate again with the rising heat. This repeats until a
higher proportion of the compound with a lower bp reaches the top. Then only the
desired product drips down to the receiving flask.

simple distillation - ANSWERSseparate liquids that boil below 150 C and have at least
25 C difference in boiling points.

Avoid degrading compounds by high temp. And diff large enough so that the second
liquid doesn't boil off.

distilling flask w combined soln, dist column w thermometer and condenser, and a
receiving flask to collect distillate.

Sometimes add a boiling chip, ebulliator, or magnetic stirrer to break surface tension
and prevent superheating.

When their vapor pressure = ambient pressure - ANSWERSWhen do liquids boil?

vacuum distillation - ANSWERSUsed to distill a liquid w a boiling point over 150 C.

lower ambient pressure so that the liquid can boil at lower temperatures

Remember, liquids boil when their vapor pressure = ambient pressure. Don't have to
worry about degrading the product

superheating - ANSWERSWhen a liquid is heated to a temperature above its boiling
point without vaporization

When gas bubbles within a liquid are unable to overcome the combination of
atmospheric pressure and surface tension.

nucleoside - ANSWERSnitrogenous base + pentose

by covalently linking the base to the C1 of the sugar

Aliphatic - ANSWERSnonpolar and hydrophobic

Tryptophan - ANSWERSTrp, W

, Asparagine - ANSWERSAsn, N, polar (Amide groups do NOT become charged; the N
does not lose or gain protons)

cysteine - ANSWERSCys, C, polar, thio -SH prone to oxidation

Arginine - ANSWERSArg, R, basic and positively charge delocalized over 3 N

histidine - ANSWERSHis, H, basic, can acquire charge by protonation in more acidic
conditions. pH of side chain is 6: close to 7.4

imidazole - ANSWERS

proline - ANSWERSPro, P, aliphatic

corpus callosum - ANSWERSHemisphere connector. Left brain controls language so a
damaged person could not name what they touch with their left hand (feeling goes to
right brain) -> contralateral communication

Ipsilateral - ANSWERSsame side. Like hearing, cerebral hemisphere communicates w
same side of body. Right ear and right brain.

Thalamus - ANSWERSIncoming sensory relay and sorting station to cerebral cortex.
EXCEPT smell, forebrain.

Telencephalon - ANSWERSFrom prosencephalon/forebrain; forms cerebrum, cerebral
cortex, basal ganglia, lambic system

cerebrum - ANSWERScan consciously control breathing

Diencephalon - ANSWERSFrom prosencephalon/forebrain, forms thalamus,
hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland.

Forebrain - ANSWERSprosencephalon. Emotion and memory.

Midbrain - ANSWERSProminent nuclei: Inferior (receives auditory senses) and superior
(receives visual input) colliculli; sensorimotor reflexes, mesencephalon. Receives motor
and sensory info from body. Involuntary reflexes to noise and visuals.

Hypothalamus - ANSWERS4 Fs: feeding, fighting, flighting, (sexual) functioning. hunger
and thirst; emotion, forebrain. Signals imbalances. Primary regulator of autonomic
nervous system. Lateral hypothalamus (detects the need for it) destroyed, Lack hunger
for food and drink. VentroMedial (satiety) Hypothalamus: destroyed one is Very Much
Hungry. Anterior hypothalamus: destroyed, one is asexual. controls pineal gland

- releases neurotransmitters and dictates emotional states. Responds to inc in blood
osmolarity. hormone release regulated by negative feedback.

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