Chapter 25: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. An 8-week-old infant presents to the pediatrician for a well-baby checkup. Physical exam
reveals a murmur, and an echocardiogram confirms a ventricular septal defect. Which
geneticdisorder is likely to accompany this diagnosis?
a. Huntington disease
b. Color blindness
c. Down syndrome
d. Hemophilia
ANS: C
Down syndrome is the genetic factor that would most likely accompany the diagnosis of a
congenital heart defect. Neither Huntington disease, color blindness, nor hemophilia is a
genetic disorder that would most likely accompany a diagnosis of congenital heart defect.
REF: p. 655
2. Intrauterine exposure to which factor could be responsible for a diagnosis of congenital heart
disease?
a. Diabetes
b. Alcohol exposure
c. Viral infection
d. Dextroamphetamine
ANS: C
One of the identified causes of cardiac defects is an intrauterine viral infection, especially
rubella. Diabetes contributes to large babies. Alcohol exposure contributes to abnormalities
such as facial changes while exposure to dextroamphetamines leads to other abnormalities.
REF: p. 655
3. Coarctation of the aorta is the local narrowing of the aorta near the:
a. aortic valve.
b. ductus arteriosus.
c. diaphragm.
d. bifurcation into the common iliac arteries.
ANS: B
Coarctation of the aorta is narrowing of the aorta near the ductus arteriosus, not near the
aortic valve, the diaphragm, or the bifurcation site.
REF: p. 656
4. A newborn is suspected of having coarctation of the aorta. Which of the following
assessments would aid in diagnosis?
a. Cyanosis
b. Bounding pedal pulses
, c. Cool arms
d. Weak or absent femoral pulses
ANS: D
The newborn will have weak or absent femoral pulses because blood flow is obstructed
near the lower extremities, not bounding pedal pulses. Coarctation is not a cyanotic defect.
The infant will have warm arms because blood flow is present in the upper extremities.
REF: p. 656
5. A 1-month-old infant visits his primary care provider for a well-baby check. Physical exam
reveals decreased cardiac output, hypotension, tachycardia, and a loud murmur suggestive of
aortic stenosis. Which condition would be expected with this diagnosis?
a. Atrial dilation
b. Ventricular hypertrophy
c. Atrial rigidity
d. Decreased contractility
ANS: B
The infant with aortic stenosis will also be experiencing ventricular hypertrophy because
of the resistance of blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta. Aortic stenosis is not
associated with either atrial dilation, rigidity, or decreased contractility.
REF: p. 657
6. A newborn develops a murmur and cyanosis shortly after birth. A diagnosis of pulmonic
stenosis (PS) is made after an echocardiogram revealed narrowing of the pulmonary:
a. tree.
b. artery.
c. valve.
d. vein.
ANS: C
PS is a narrowing or stricture of the pulmonary valve causing resistance to blood flow
from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. PS is not associated with an abnormality
of the pulmonary tree, the pulmonary artery, or the vein.
REF: pp. 658-659
7. What term is used to describe the patent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery in
a fetus?
a. Foramen ovale
b. Sinus venosus
c. Ductus arteriosus
d. Septal defect
ANS: C
In the fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosus is an opening between the aorta and the
pulmonary artery. The foramen ovale allows flow of blood between the left and right atrium.
The sinus venosus is a type of atrial septal defect. The septal defect is an opening in the
heart’s septum.
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