Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry- Chapter 13 Key Terms Exam Questions Answered Correctly (Graded A+)
autotroph - Answers An organism that can synthesize its own complex molecules from very simple carbon and nitrogen sources, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia.
heterotroph - Answers An organis...
autotroph - Answers An organism that can synthesize its own complex molecules from very simple
carbon and nitrogen sources, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia.
heterotroph - Answers An organism that requires complex nutrient molecules, such as glucose, as a
source of energy and carbon.
metabolism - Answers The entire set of enzyme-catalyzed transformations of organic molecule in living
cells; the sum of anabolism and catabolism.
metabolic pathways - Answers Linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. The reactants,
products, and intermediates of an enzymatic reaction are known as metabolites, which are modified by
a sequence of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes.
metabolite - Answers A chemical intermediate in the enzyme-catalyzed reactions of metabolism.
intermediary metabolism - Answers In cells, the enzyme-catalyzed reactions that extract chemical
energy from nutrient molecules and use it to synthesize and assemble cell components.
catabolism - Answers The phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with the energy-yielding
degradation of nutrient molecules.
anabolism - Answers The phase of intermediary metabolism that is concerned with the energy-requiring
biosynthesis of cell components from smaller precursors.
standard transformed constants - Answers Used to calculate standard transformed Gibbs energies of
formation and standard transformed enthalpies of formation of 53 reactants (sums of species) at 298.15
K, pH 7, and ionic strengths of 0, 0.1, and 0.25 ᴍ.
homolytic cleavage - Answers The breaking of a covalent bond in such a way that each fragment gets
one of the shared electrons.
radical - Answers An atom or group of atoms possessing an unpaired electron; also called a free radical.
heterolytic cleavage - Answers The process of cleaving a covalent bond where one previously bonded
species takes both original bonding electrons from the other species.
nucleophile - Answers an electron-rich group with a strong tendency to donate electrons to an electron-
deficient nucleus (electrophile); the entering reactant in a bimolecular substitution reaction.
electrophile - Answers An electron-deficient group with a strong tendency to accept electrons from an
electron-rich group (nucleophile).
carbanion - Answers A negatively charged carbon atom.
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