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Essentials of Nursing Leadership & Management Eighth Edition
by Sally A. Weiss EdD APRN FNP-C CNE ANEF (Author) Graded A+
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, characteristics of a profession
objectives outline
after reading this chapter, the student should be able to: introduction
■ explain the qualities associated with a profession professionalism
■ diff erentiate between a job, a vocation, and a profession defi nition of a profession
■ discuss professional behaviors professional behaviors
■ determine the characteristics associated with nursing as a
profession evolution of nursing as a profession
■ explain licensure and certifi cation nursing defi ned
■ summarize the relationship between social change and the the national council licensure examination
advancement of nursing as a profession licensure
■ discuss some of the issues faced by the nursing profession licensure by endorsement
■ explain current changes impacting nur’ssinfguture qualifi cations for licensure
licensure by examination
nclex-®
rn
political infl uences and the advance of nursing
professionals
nursing and health-care reform
nursing today
the future of professional nursing
conclusion
3
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,4 unit 1 ■ professionalism
introduction professionalism
it is often said that you do not know where yod u efi nition of a profession
are going until you know where you have beena. vocation or calling defi nes “meaningful work”
more than 40 years ago, beletz ( 1974 w ) rote depending on an individu’ asl point of viewdi(k
that most people thought of nurses in gender- & duff y, 2009 ). nursing started as a vocation or
linked, task-oriented terms: “a female who per-“calling.” until nightingale, most nursing occurred
forms unpleasant technical jobs and functions athsrough religious orders. to care for the ill and
an assistant to the physician” (p. 432). interesti-nfi rmed was a duty ( kalisch & kalisch, 2004 ). in
ingly, physicians in the 1800s viewed nursing aesarly years, despite the education required, nursing
a complement to medicine. according tw o ar- was considered a job or vocatiocn a(rdillo, 2013 ).
rington ( 1839 ), “. . . the prescriptions of the best providing a defi nition for a “profession” or “pro-
physician are useless unless they be timely anfdessional” is not as easy as it appears. th e term is
properly administered and attended to by the used all the time; however, what characteristics
nurse” (p. iv). defi ne a professional? according to saks ( 2012 ),
in its earliest years, most nursing care occurredseveral theoretical approaches have been applied
at home. even in 1791 when the fi rst hospitalto creating a defi nition of a profession, the older
opened in philadelphia, nurses continued to cao ref these looking only at knowledge and expertise,
for patients in their own home settings. it tookwhereas later ones include a code of ethics, prac-
almost another century before nursing moved into tice standards, licensure, and certifi cation, as well
hospitals. th ese institutions, mostly dominated byas expected behaviorp so(st, 2014 ).
male physicians, promoted the idea that nurses nurses engage in specialized education
acted as the “handmaidens” to the better-educateda,nd training confi rmedby successfullypassing
more capable men in the medical fi eld. the national council licensure examination
th e level of care diff ered greatly in these earl(ynclex ®) and receiving a license to practice
health-care institutions. th oseoperated by the in each state. nurses follow a code of ethics and
religious nursing orders gave high-quality care rte ocognized practice standards and a body of con-
patients. in others, care varied greatly from good totinuous research that forms and directs our practice.
almost none at all. although the image of nurses nurses function autonomously within the desig-
and nursing has advanced considerably since thenn, ated scope of practice, formulating and delivering
some still think of nurses as helpers who carry out a plan of care for clients, applying judgments, and
the physician ’ s orders. utilizing critical thinking skills in decision making
it comes as no surprise that nursing and health( cardillo, 2013 ).
care have converged and reached a crossing point.
nurses face a new age for human experience; the
very foundations of health practices and thera- professional behaviors
peutic interventions continue to be dramatically according topost( 2014 ), professional characteris-
altered by signifi cantly transformed scientifi c, tics or behaviors include:
technological, cultural, political, and social realities ■ consideration
( porter-o’grad,y 2003 ). th e global environment
needs nurses more than ever to meet the health■- empathy
■ respect
care needs of all.
■ ethical and moral values
nursing sees itself as a profession rather than a
■ accountability
job or vocation and continues with this quest for its
place among the health-care disciplines. however, ■ commitment to lifelong learning
honesty
what defi nes a profession? what behaviors are ■
expected from the members of the profession? professionalism denotes a commitment to carry
chapter 1 discusses nursing as a profession woituht specialized responsibilities and observe ethical
its own identity and place within this new and principles while remaining responsive to diverse
ever-changing health-care system. recipients (al-rubaish, 2010 ).communicating
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, chapter 1 ■ characteristics of a profession5
eff ectively and courteously within the work envi- evolution of nursing
ronment is expected professional behavior. stateas a Profession
boards of nursing through the nurse practice acts
elaborate expected behaviors in a registered nurse ’nsursing defi ned
professional practice and personal life (national th e changes that have occurred in nursing are
council of state boards of nursingn[c sbn], refl ected in the defi nitions of nursing that have
2012, 2016 ). nurses may lose their licenses fdoerve aloped through time. in 1859, florence night-
variety of actions deemed unprofessional or illegal.ingale defi ned the goal of nursing as putting the
for example, inappropriate use of social mediac, lient “in the best possible condition for nature to
posting emotionally charged statements in blogs oract upon him” (nightingale, 1992/1859 , p. 79). in
forums, driving without a license, and committing 1966, virginia henderson focused her defi nition
felonies outside of professional practice may beon the uniqueness of nursing:
cause for suspending or revoking a nursing license.
commitment to others remains central to a th e unique function of the nurse is to assist the
profession. in nursing, this entails commitment individual, sick or well, in the performance of those
to colleagues, lifelong learning, and accountability activities contributing to health or its recovery (or
for one ’ s actions. professionalism in the workplaceto peaceful death) that he would perform unaided
means coming to work when scheduled and on if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.
time. coming to work late shows disrespect to your and to do this in such a way as to help him gain
peers and colleagues. it also indicates to your superi-ndependence as rapidly as possible. ( henderson,
visor that this position is not important to you. 1966 , p. 21)
always portray a positive attitude. although
everyone experiences a bad day, projecting personamlartharogers defi ned nursingpracticeas “the
feelings and issues onto others aff ects the woprkrocess by which this body of knowledge, nursing
environment. many agencies and institutions have science, is used for the purpose of assisting human
dress codes. dress appropriately per the emplobye-ings to achievemaximum health within the
er ’ s expectations. wearing heavy makeup, colognpeost,ential of each person”r o(gers, 1988 , p. 100).
or inappropriate hairstyles demonstrates a lack of rogers emphasized that nursing is concerned with
professionalism. finally, always speak professiona-ll people, only some of whom are ill.
ally to everyone in the work environment. a good in the modern nursing era, nurses are viewed
rule to follow should be, “if you wou’ltdnsay it as collaborative members of the health-care team.
in front of your grandmother, do not say it in the nursing has emerged as a strong fi eld of its ownin
workplace” m ( ckay, 2017 ). which nurses have a wide range of obligations,
work politics often create an unfavorable envi- responsibilities,and accountability.recent polls ronment.
stay away from gossip or engaging in show that nurses are considered the most trusted negative
comments about others in the workplace.group of professionals because of their knowl-
change the topic or indicate a lack of interest in edge, expertise,and ability to care for diverse
this type of verbal exchange. negativity is contpao-pulations.
gious and aff ects workplace morale. professionalsnightingale’ s concepts of nursing care became
maintain a positive attitude in the work environt-he basis of modern theory development, and in
ment. if the environment aff ects this attitude, it is today ’ s language, she used evidence-based prac-
( ckay, 2017 ). tice to promote nursing. her 1859 booknotes on nursing:
time to look for another position m
lastly,professionalbehavior entails honesty what it is and what it is not laid the foun-
and accountability. if a day off is needed, takedaation for modern nursing education and practice.
personal or vacation day; save sick days for illnessm . any nursing theorists have used nighting’asle
own up to errors. in nursing, an error may result thoughts as a basis for constructing their view of
in injury or death. th e health-care environmenntursing.
should promote a culture of safety, not one of pun- nightingale believed that schools of nursing
ishment for errors. th is is discussed more in latermust be independent institutions and that women
chapters. who were selected to attend the schools should be
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