Class notes
Abnormal Psychology chapters 1-4
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- Abnormal psychology
- Institution
- Queens College
Notes of the first four chapters for abnormal psychology.
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1.1 what do we mean by abnormality?Defining Abnormality and Mental Disorders
Understanding abnormality and mental disorders is challenging, with no universal agreement on what
constitutes "abnormal." Existing definitions are often debated, and a definitive classification of abnormality
remains elusive. Below are the key indicators commonly used to understand and define abnormality:
1. Indicators of Abnormality
1. Subjective Distress: This indicator reflects personal suffering or psychological pain, as seen in
depression or anxiety. However, some individuals, like those in manic states, may not experience
distress, making subjective distress an insufficient or unnecessary condition for defining
abnormality.
2. Maladaptiveness: When behavior interferes with one’s well-being, it may be considered
maladaptive. For instance, an individual with anorexia may harm themselves through food
restriction, impacting their health. However, some socially detrimental behaviors, like those of a
con artist, might be adaptive for the individual but harmful to society, indicating that
maladaptiveness does not universally define abnormality.
3. Statistical Deviancy: Abnormality can be linked to behaviors that are statistically rare, yet not all
rare behaviors (e.g., high intelligence) are viewed as abnormal. Value judgments play a role, as
undesirable and rare traits (like intellectual disability) are more likely to be labeled abnormal,
whereas desirable traits (like musical talent) are not.
4. Violation of Societal Standards: Abnormality may be perceived when social or moral norms are
violated, such as unusual customs or behaviors specific to certain cultures. The extent and
frequency of violation impact whether behavior is deemed abnormal; minor rule-breaking, like
parking illegally, is generally not viewed as abnormal, while serious acts like violence often are.
5. Social Discomfort: Behavior that causes discomfort in others, like sitting uncomfortably close to
someone on an empty bus, might suggest abnormality. The context affects this perception; close
friends acting in the same way would not evoke discomfort, highlighting that social discomfort
alone is not enough to label behavior as abnormal.
6. Irrationality and Unpredictability: Behaviors that appear irrational or unpredictable can indicate
abnormality, especially if they suggest a loss of control, as seen in conditions like schizophrenia.
The ability to control behavior, however, can make a difference; erratic behavior with context (like
an actor rehearsing) may not be seen as abnormal.
7. Dangerousness: People considered dangerous to themselves or others are often labeled
abnormal. However, not all dangerous behavior indicates mental illness (e.g., soldiers in combat),
and not all individuals with mental disorders are dangerous, underscoring the limitations of
dangerousness as a sole indicator of abnormality.
2. The DSM-5 and Mental Disorder Classification
The DSM-5, a diagnostic manual published by the American Psychiatric Association, is the primary
reference for mental disorder classification in the U.S. It defines mental disorders as significant
disturbances in behavior, emotion regulation, or cognition, linked to dysfunctions in biological,
psychological, or developmental processes. The DSM’s criteria ensure consistency and reliability across
clinicians, though it does not cover treatment details. The manual also excludes culturally appropriate
responses to stress or conflicts with societal norms as mental disorders.
The DSM-5 underwent substantial revisions guided by scientific updates while attempting to maintain
continuity. This led to debates, as drastic changes can disrupt clinical practice, while outdated
classifications may hinder accurate diagnosis. As a “work in progress,” the DSM will continue evolving
with future research and societal changes.
, 1.2 Classification and Diagnosis
Classification and Diagnosis of Mental Disorders
Classification of mental disorders standardizes the language and organization of mental health
conditions. While beneficial, it also introduces notable drawbacks.
1. Advantages of Classification
1. Common Language: Classification systems create a shared language for clinicians and
researchers, making communication more efficient. For example, using a term like
"schizophrenia" conveys complex information without needing detailed explanations.
2. Organized Structure: Grouping similar disorders, such as various anxiety disorders, helps
clinicians recognize connections and improves system organization.
3. Facilitates Research: Classification allows researchers to study specific disorders and
related treatments effectively, leading to a better understanding of causes and therapeutic
options.
4. Social and Political Impact: Classification delineates which conditions qualify for
insurance coverage, influencing access to mental health services.
2. Disadvantages of Classification
1. Loss of Information: Diagnoses reduce complex individual cases to shorthand labels,
potentially ignoring unique personal details, relationships, and specific experiences that
define the individual beyond their diagnosis.
2. Stigma and Stereotyping: Diagnoses can expose individuals to societal stigma, creating
reluctance to seek treatment, particularly for young people, men, and ethnic minorities.
Stereotypes, often reinforced by media, can lead to unfair assumptions, such as
associating mental illness with violence.
3. Labeling and Identity Impact: Diagnostic labels may affect self-concept and how others
view individuals. Terms like “schizophrenic” risk reducing identity to the disorder, so
person-first language (e.g., “a person with schizophrenia”) is encouraged.
3. Reducing Prejudicial Attitudes
Education on mental health’s biological basis has not significantly reduced stigma. Studies
indicate that increased contact with those experiencing mental illness can reduce prejudice, yet
societal discomfort persists. Research shows people may experience tension or unease when
imagining interactions with individuals diagnosed with mental disorders, highlighting the need for
greater empathy and anti-stigma initiatives.
Conclusion
Classification is essential for organizing, communicating, and researching mental disorders but
comes with challenges, especially regarding stigma and labeling. Continued efforts toward
person-first language, increased understanding, and public empathy are crucial to addressing
these issues.
1.3 Culture and abnormality
Classification and Diagnosis of Mental Disorders
Classification of mental disorders standardizes the language and organization of mental health
conditions. While beneficial, it also introduces notable drawbacks.
1. Advantages of Classification
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